INDIAN   NOTES 
AND   MONOGRAPHS 

Edited  by  F.  W.  Hodge 


Vol.  IX 


A  SERIES  OF  PUBLICA- 
TIONS  RELATING  TO  THE 
AMERICAN      ABORIGINES 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   NOTES   ON 
UXMAL,   YUCATAN 

BY 

MARSHALL  H.  SAVILLE 


NEW  YORK 

MUSEUM   OF  THE  AMERICAN   INDIAN 
HEYE  FOUNDATION 

1921 


This  series  of  Indian  Notes  and 
Monographs  is  devoted  primarily  to 
the  publication  of  the  results  of  studies 
by  members  of  the  staff  of  the  Mus- 
eum of  the  American  Indian,  Heye 
Foundation,  and  is  uniform  with  His- 
panic Notes  and  Monographs,  pub- 
lished by  the  Hispanic  Society  of 
America,  with  which  organization  this 
Museum  is  in  cordial  cooperation. 

Only  the  first  ten  volumes  of  Indian 
Notes  and  Monographs  are  numbered. 
The  unnumbered  parts  may  readily  be 
determined  by  consulting  the  List  of 
Publications  issued  as  one  of  the  series. 


INDIAN    NOTES 
AND   MONOGRAPHS 

Edited  by  F.  W.  Hodge 


Vol.  IX       2if^V>>^'*M  No.   2 


A  SERIES  OF  PUBLICA- 
TIONS  RELATING  TO  THE 
AMERICAN      ABORIGINES 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC    NOTES   ON 
UXMAL,    YUCATAN 

BY 

MARSHALL  H.   SAVILLE 


NEW    YORK 

MUSEUM    OF   THE   AMERICAN    INDIAN 
HEYE    FOUNDATION 

1921 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   NOTES 
ON  UXMAL,  YUCATAN 


BY 

MARSHALL  H.  SAVILLE 


55 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   NOTES    ON 
UXMAL,  YUCATAN 

By  Marshall  H.  Saville 

INTRODUCTION 


XMAL  is  one  ot  the  two  most 
important  ruined  cities  of  the 
Maya  in  Yucatan,  and  in 
some  respects  surpasses  the 
other  city,  Chichen  Itza,  in  the  grandeur 
of  its  edifices.  Certainly  the  House  of 
the  Governor,  still  in  a  fair  state  of 
preservation,  is  the  most  impressive 
building  in  Central  America.  The  group 
of  more  or  ess  ruined  structures  must 
have  impressed  the  chroniclers,  although 
none  of  them,  with  a  single  exception, 
have  described  in  detail  any  of  the  build- 
ings. It  remained  for  an  American  ex- 
plorer, John  Lloyd  Stephens,  by  his  ac- 


INDIAN    NOTES 


IX 


56 


UXMAL 


count  of  the  ruins,  accompanied  by  the 
splendid  drawings  of  his  companion, 
Frederick  Catherwood,  an  Englishman, 
to  call  attention  to  the  wonders  of  Uxmal, 
as  well  as  of  many  other  ruins  in  Yucatan. 
Desire  Charnay,  a  Frenchman,  visited 
Yucatan  in  1857  and  again  in  i860, 
making  superb  photographs  of  a  number 
of  the  Uxmal  edifices,  which  were  issued 
in  an  atlas  in  1863.  During  the  late 
seventies  the  Le  Plongeons  spent  con- 
siderable time  at  the  ruins,  and  Dr  Lc 
Plongeon  made  many  photog  aphs,  some 
of  which  have  been  reproduced  in  num- 
erous short  articles  of  little  scientific 
value.  In  1888,  Mr  Henry  M.  Sweet,  a 
member  of  the  Thompson  expedition  sent 
out  by  the  Peabody  Museum,  Harvard 
University,  secured  a  number  of  views, 
the  collection  being  augmented  later  by 
those  taken  by  Mr  Edward  H.  Thompson. 
During  his  many  years'  residence  in 
Yucatan,  Teobert  Malcr  visited  the  ruins 
repeatedly  and  made  many  beautiful 
photographs  of  the  site,  including  views 
of  parts  of  the  ruins  but  little  visited.     In 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


57 


1910,  Mr  Jesse  L.  Nusbaum  made  about 
sixty  photographs  for  the  Archaeological 
Institute  of  America. 

During  their  residence  in  Uxmal,  the 
Le  Plongeons  made  molds  of  parts  of 
fagades  of  some  of  the  temples,  and 
Charnay  on  his  later  expedition,  during 
the  years  1880-1882,  molded  sections  of 
some  of  the  same  structures.  In  1892, 
Mr  Thompson  made  molds  of  sections  of 
the  House  of  the  Governor  and  of  the 
Nunnery  Group,  Avhich  were  reproduced 
as  part  of  the  exhibit  of  the  Department 
of  Anthropology  under  the  direction  of 
Prof.  F.  \V.  Putnam  at  the  Worlds 
Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago.  These 
are  no  longer  in  existence,  but  the  molds 
should  have  been  preserved  in  Chicago, 
as  they  were  the  most  complete  repre- 
sentations of  Mayan  buildings  thus  far 
produced. 

In  excavation,  no  work  has  been  done 
except  the  desultory  digging  of  the  Le 
Plongeons,  and  the  exploration  of  a 
mound  back  of  the  hacienda  building  by 
the    writer.      The    site    requires    careful 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


58 


UXMAL 


exploration,  and  much  restoration  work 
is  necessary  to  strengthen  weak  walls, 
especially  to  replace  the  wooden  lintels 
which  have  fallen  in  practically  all  of  the 
buildings,  the  loss  of  which  will  ulti- 
mately prove  fatal  to  the  security  of  the 
walls.  As  yet  no  complete  plan  has  been 
made  of  this  important  site,  and  a 
systematic  exploration  will  doubtless  lead 
to  the  discovery  of  much  hieroglyphic 
material,  to  throw  needed  light  on  the 
history  of  one  of  the  greatest  of  ancient 
Mayan  cities. 

Regarding  the  origin  of  Uxmal,   there 
is  a  little  folklore,  which  follows. 

According  to  Bancroft,  "the  reign  of 
the  Tutul  Xius  at  Uxmal  was  doubtless 
the  most  glorious  period  of  Maya  history, 
but  in  addition  to  what  has  been  said, 
we  have  respecting  it  only  a  single  tradi- 
tion which  seems  to  refer  to  the  last  king 
and  the  overthrow  of  the  dynasty." 
Bancroft  gives  a  paraphrase  of  this  tradi- 
tion, which  was  published  in  the  Registro 
Yiicateco  (tomo  ii,  pp.  261-272,  Merida, 
1845).      It   is   written    in    the    form    of   a 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


59 


dialogue  between  a  visitor  to  the  ruins 
and  a  native  of  more  than  ordinary  in- 
telligence who  professed  to  be  well 
acquainted  with  the  historical  traditions 
of  his  race.  The  article  is  dated  May  25, 
1845,  and  is  simply  signed  by  the  pseudo- 
nym "  Un  Curioso."  Bancroft's  abridg- 
ment is — 

"An  old  sorceress  lived  at  Kabah,  rarely  leaving 
her  chimney  [sic]  corner.  Her  grandson,  a  dwarf, 
by  making  a  hole  in  her  water-jar,  kept  her  a  long 
time  at  the  well  one  day,  and  by  removing  the 
hearth-stone  found  the  treasure  she  had  so  care- 
fully guarded,  a  silver  Innkid  and  zool,  native 
instruments.  The  music  produced  by  the  dwarf 
was  heard  in  all  the  cities,  and  the  king  of  Uxmal 
trembled,  for  an  old  prophecy  declared  that  when 
such  music  should  be  heard  the  monarch  must 
give  up  his  throne  to  the  musician.  A  peculiar 
duel  was  agreed  upon  between  the  two,  each  to 
have  four  baskets  of  cocoyoles,  or  palm-nuts, 
broken  on  his  head.  The  dwarf  was  victorious, 
and  took  the  dead  king's  place,  having  the  Casa 
del  Adivino  built  for  his  palace,  and  the  Casa  de 
la  Vieja  for  his  grandmother.  The  old  sorceress 
soon  died,  and  the  new  king,  freed  from  all  re- 
straint, plunged  into  all  manner  of  wickedness, 
until  his  gods,  or  idols,  abandoned  him  in  anger. 
But  after  several  attempts  the  dwarf  made  a  new 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


60 


UXMAL 


god  of  clay  which  came  to  life  and  was  worshipped 
by  the  people,  who  by  this  worship  of  an  evil 
spirit  soon  brought  upon  themselves  destruction 
at  the  hands  of  the  outraged  deities,  and  Uxmal 
was  abandoned." 

The  story  of  the  Casa  del  Adivino,  also 
called  Casa  del  Enano,  as  related  to 
Stephens  by  an  old  Indian,  differs  some- 
what from  that  given  in  the  Registro 
Yucateco.     It  follows: 

"There  was  an  old  woman  who  lived  in  a  hut 
on  the  very  spot  now  occupied  by  the  structure 
on  which  this  building  is  perched,  and  opposite 
the  Casa  del  Gobernador,  who  went  mourning 
that  she  had  no  children.  In  her  distress  she 
one  day  took  an  egg,  covered  it  with  a  cloth,  and 
laid  it  away  carefully  in  one  corner  of  the  hut. 
Every  day  she  went  to  look  at  it,  until  one  morn- 
ing she  found  the  egg  hatched,  and  a  criatura,  or 
creature,  or  baby,  born.  The  old  woman  was 
delighted,  and  called  it  her  son,  provided  it  with  a 
nurse,  took  good  care  of  it,  so  that  in  one  year  it 
walked  and  talked  like  a  man;  and  then  it 
stopped  growing.  The  old  woman  was  more 
delighted  than  ever,  and  said  he  would  be  a  great 
lord  or  king.  One  day  she  told  him  to  go  to  the 
house  of  the  gobernador  and  challenge  him  to  a 
trial  of  strength.  The  dwarf  tried  to  beg  off, 
but  the  old  woman  insisted,  and  he  went.     The 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


61 


guard  admitted  him,  and  he  flung  his  challenge 
at  the  gobernador.  The  latter  smiled,  and  told 
him  to  lift  a  stone  of  three  arrobas,  or  seventy-five 
pounds,  at  which  the  little  fellow  cried  and 
returned  to  his  mother,  who  sent  him  back  to  say 
that  if  the  gobernador  lifted  it  first,  he  would 
afterward.  The  gobernador  lifted  it,  and  the 
dwarf  immediately  did  the  same.  The  gober- 
nador then  tried  him  with  other  feats  of  strength, 
and  the  dwarf  regularly  did  whatever  was  done 
by  the  gobernador.  At  length,  indignant  at 
being  matched  by  a  dwarf,  the  gobernador  told 
him  that,  unless  he  made  a  house  in  one  night 
higher  than  any  in  the  place,  he  would  kill  him. 
The  poor  dwarf  again  returned  crying  to  his 
mother,  who  bade  him  not  to  be  disheartened, 
and  the  next  morning  he  awoke  and  found  him- 
self in  this  lofty  building.  The  gobernador,  seeing 
it  from  the  door  of  his  palace,  was  astonished,  and 
sent  for  the  dwarf,  and  told  him  to  collect  two 
bundles  of  cogoiol,  a  wood  of  a  very  hard  species, 
with  one  of  which  he,  the  gobernador,  would  beat 
the  dwarf  over  the  head,  and  afterward  the 
dwarf  should  beat  him  with  the  other.  The 
dwarf  again  returned  crying  to  his  mother;  but 
the  latter  told  him  not  to  be  afraid,  and  put  on 
the  crown  of  his  head  a  lortillita  de  trigo,  a  small 
thin  cake  of  wheat  flour.  The  trial  was  made 
Ml  the  presence  of  all  the  great  men  of  the  city. 
The  gobernador  broke  the  whole  of  his  bundle 
over  the  dwarf's  head  without  hurting  the  little 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


62 


UXMAL 


fellow  in  the  least.  He  then  tried  to  avoid  the 
trial  on  his  own  head,  but  he  had  given  his  word 
in  the  presence  of  his  officers,  and  was  obliged 
to  submit.  The  second  blow  of  the  dwarf  broke 
his  skull  in  pieces,  and  all  the  spectators  hailed 
the  victor  as  their  new  gobernador.  The  old 
woman  then  died;  but  at  the  Indian  village  of 
Mani,  seventeen  leagues  distant,  there  is  a  deep 
well,  from  which  opens  a  cave  that  leads  under- 
ground an  immense  distance  to  Merida.  In  this 
cave,  on  the  bank  of  a  stream,  under  the  shade 
of  a  large  tree,  sits  an  old  woman  with  a  serpeitt 
by  her  side,  who  sells  water  in  small  quantities, 
not  for  money,  but  only  for  a  criatura  or  baby  to 
give  the  serpent  to  eat;  and  this  old  woman  is 
the  mother  of  the  dwarf." — Incidents  of  Travel  in 
Central  America,  vol.  ii,  pp.  423-425. 

1556 

[Document] 

In  1842  John  Lloyd  Stephens  visited  Mani 
in  search  of  historical  material  relating  to 
the  ruins  of  Uxmal.  He  was  shown  a  "large 
volume  which  had  an  ancient  and  venerable 
appearance,  being  bound  in  parchment, 
tattered,  and  worm-eaten,  and  having  a  flap 
to  close  like  that  of  a  pocket-book.  Un- 
happily it  was  written  in  the  Maj^a  language, 
and  perfectly  unintelligible.  The  dates, 
however,  showed  that  these  venerable  pages 
were  a  record   of  events  which  had  taken 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


63 


place  within  a  few  years  after  the  entry  of 
the  Spaniards."  Stephens  had  accurate 
translations  made  by  Don  Pio  Perez  and 
Father  Carillo  of  the  documents  which 
related  to  Uxmal.  The  earliest  was  dated 
August  10,  1556,  and  is  as  follows: 

"On  the  tenth  of  August,  in  the  year  one 
thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty-six,  the 
special  judge  arrived  with  his  interpreter, 
Caspar  Antonio,  from  Vxmal,  when  they 
reached  this  chief  village  of  Mani,  with  the 
other  caciques  that  followed  them,  Don 
Francisco  Che,  governor  of  Ticul,  Don 
Francisco  Pacab,  governor  of  Tekax,  Don 
Alonzo  Pacab,  governor  of  Jan,  Don  Juan 
Che,  governor  of  Mama,  Don  Alonzo  Xiu, 
governor  of  Tekit,  with  the  other  governors 
of  his  suite,  Don  Juan  Cacom,  governor  of 
Tekoh,  with  Don  Caspar  Fun,  Don  Juan 
Camal,  governor  of  Nunhini,  Don  Francisco 
Ciz,  other  governor  of  Cosuma,  Don  Juan 
Cocom,  governor  of  Zotuta,  Don  Conzalo 
Fuyu,  governor  of  Tixcacaltuyu,  Don  Juan 
Han,  governor  of  Yaxcaba;  those  were 
brought  to  this  chief  village  of  Mani  from 
Vxmal,  with  the  others  named,  and  the  judge 
Felipe  Manrique,  with  Caspar  Antonio, 
commissioned  interpreter." 

The  rest  of  the  document  is  omitted  by 
Stephens.  See  Incidents  of  Travel  in  .Yuca- 
tan, vol.  II,  p.  268. 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


64 


UXMAL 


1557 

[Document] 

Another  document  found  in  the  volume 
referred  to  bears  the  date  1557.      It  reads: 

"Memorandum  of  having  divided  the  lands 
by  D.  Francisco  Motttcjo  Xiu,  governor  of 
this  pueblo  of  Mani,  and  the  governors  of  the 
pueblo  who  are  under  him. 

"There  met  together  Don  Francisco 
Montejo  Xiu,  governor  of  this  pueblo,  and 
of  the  jurisdiction  of  Tutul  Xiu;  Don 
Francisco  Che,  governor  of  Ticul,  Don 
Francisco  Pacab,  governor  of  Oxcutzcab, 
Don  Diego  Vs,  governor  of  Tekax,  Don 
Alonzo  Pacab,  governor  of  Jan-monal,  Don 
Juan  Che,  governor  of  Mama,  Don  Alonzo 
Xiu,  governor  of  Tekit,  and  the  other 
governors  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Mani,  to- 
gether with  the  regidores,  for  the  purpose  of 
regulating  the  landmarks,  and  maintaining 
the  right  of  each  village  respecting  the 
felling  of  trees,  and  to  fix  and  settle  with 
crosses  the  boundaries  of  the  milpas  of  their 
respective  villages,  dividing  them  into  parts 
according  to  their  situation,  showing  the 
lands  pertaining  to  each.  The  people  of 
Canul,  those  of  Acanceh,  of  Ticoh,  those  of 
Cosuma,  those  of  Zotuta  and  its  jurisdiction, 
those  of  Tixcacab,  a  part  of  those  of  Peto, 
Colotmul,  and  Zuccacab,  after  having  con- 
ferred together,  declared  it  necessary  to  cite 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


the  governors  of  the  villages,  and  we  an- 
swered that  they  should  come  to  this 
audiencia  of  Mani,  each  one  bringing  with 
him  two  regidores  to  be  present  at  the  divi- 
sion of  the  lands  Don  Juan  Canul,  governor 
of  Nunkini,  and  Francisco  Ci,  his  colleague; 
D.  Juan  Cocom,  governor  of  Ticoh,  D. 
Caspar  Tun  of  Cosuma,  Don  Juan  Cocom, 
governor  of  Sotuta,  D.  Conzalo  Tuyn, 
governor  of  Tixcacab,  D.  Juan  Han  of 
Yaxcacab;  these  received  the  donation  on 
the  fifth  day  from  Merida,  consisting  of  one 
hundred  paties  of  fine  sheets,  each  pati  or 
cotton  cloth,  and  thus  they  continued  re- 
ceiving by  twenties  for  a  beginning,  being 
rolled  up  by  Juan  Nic,  Pedro  May,  and 
Pedro  Coba,  assembled  in  the  house  of  Don 
Francisco  Montejo  Xiu,  governor  of  the 
village  of  Mani;  three  arrobas  of  wax,  which 
were  sold  bj^  them,  Don  Juan  Cocom  of 
Zotuta  having  first  received  them.  In  Tal- 
chaquillo,  on  the  road  to  Merida,  toward  the 
north  of  said  village,  the  cross  was  planted, 
and  called  Hoal.  In  Sacmuyalna  they  put  a 
cross;  this  is  the  limit  of  the  lands  of  those 
of  Ticoh.  In  Kochilha  a  cross  was  placed. 
In  Cisinil,  Toyotha,  Chulul  Ytza,  Ocansip, 
and  Tiphal,  crosses  were  placed;  this  is  the 
boundary  of  the  milpas  and  the  lands  of  those 
of  Maxcanii-al  Canules.  In  Kaxabceh 
Chacnocac,  Calam,  Sactos,  are  the  limits  of 


65 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


66 


UXMAL 


the  fields  of  the  Canules,  and  there  crosses 
were  placed.  In  Zemesahal  and  in  Opal 
were  planted  crosses:  these  are  the  limits 
of  the  grounds  of  the  villagers  of  Kilhini  and 
Becal.  In  Vaxche,  Sucilha  Xcalchen,  Tc- 
hico  Sahcabchen  Xbacal,  Opichen,  crosses 
were  planted.  Twenty-two  is  the  number 
of  the  places  marked,  and  they  returned  to 
raise  new  landmarks,  by  the  command  of 
the  judge,  Felipe  Manriques,  specially  com- 
missioned by  his  excellency  the  governor, 
when  he  arrived  at  Uxmal,  accompanied  by 
his  interpreter,  Caspar  Antonio,"  etc. 

Stephens  omitted  the  rest  of  the  document. 
See  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yticatan,  vol.  ii, 
pp.  266-267. 

[Indian  Map  of  Manx.] 

In  the  same  volume  as  the  above.  "The 
original  is  a  sheet  of  foolscap  paper  dated 
1557.  containing  a  map  with  Mani  in  the 
center.  Uxmal  appears  near  the  bottom, 
and  in  place  of  the  conventional  church  used 
to  indicate  the  other  places  on  the  map,  a 
building  with  three  doorways  and  a  facade, 
a  typical  Maya  building,  is  shown  with  the 
name  'Uxmal'  below."  Reproduced  by 
Stephens,  ibid.,  vol.  11,  opposite  p.  264 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


67 


1581 

Bote,  Juan.  Relacion  de  Teav-Y-Tec 
y  Tiscolum.  Coleccion  dc  Docu- 
mcntos  Ineditos  Relativos  al  Descu- 
hrimiento,  Conquista  y  Organizacion 
de  las  Anliguas  Posesiones  Espanoles 
de  Ultramar,  Segunda  Serie,  t.  xi, 
Relaciones  de  Yucatan,  I,  Relacion 
XXIV,  p.  287,  Madrid,  1894. 

This  is  a  report  made  in  1581.  Section 
xnii  reads:  "At  one  time  all  of  this  land 
A'as  under  the  dominion  of  a  lord,  and  al- 
though with  the  change  and  succession  of 
time,  which  have  been  many,  the  last  lord 
of  them  was  a  Tutulxiu,  from  whom  de- 
scended the  native  lords  of  the  said  town  of 
Mani  of  the  Royal  crown,  and  this  [one] 
subject  to  all  the  lords  of  the  land  more  by 
craft  than  by  war,  they  say  that  the  first  of 
them  [was]  called  Hunuilkilchic,  lord  of 
Uxmal,  a  very  ancient  settlement,  very  re- 
markable in  edifices  usual  in  Mexico,  and 
from  there  he  entered  into  all  the  other 
provinces  and  from  his  greatness  and 
personality  it  is  said  that  he  was  very  learned 
in  native  things  and  in  his  time  taught  them 
to  till  the  lands.  He  divided  the  months  of 
the   year,   and   he   taught   them   the   letters 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


68 


UXMAL 


[hieroglyphic  writing]  wliich  were  used  in  the 
said  province  of  Mani  wlien  tlie  conquerors 
entered  the  land,  and  little  by  little  the  said 
Tutulxius  came  to  command  all  the  lands 
very  much  to  the  liking  of  the  natives." 

1588 

CiUDAD  Real,  Fr.  Antonio.  Relacion 
breve  y  verdaderade  algunas  cosas  de 
las  muchas  que  sucedieron  al  Padre 
Fray  Alonso  Ponce  en  las  prov'ncias 
de  la  Nueva  Espana,  siendo  Com- 
isario  General  de  aquellas  partes. 
Tratanse  algunas  particularidades  dc 
aquella  tierra,  y  dicese  su  ida  a  ella  y 
vuelta  4  Espana,  con  algo  dc  lo  cjue 
en  el  viaje  le  acontecio  hasta  volver 
a  su  Provincia  de  Castilla.  Escrita 
por  dos  Religiosos,  sus  companeros, 
el  uno  de  los  cuales  le  acompano 
desde  Espana  a  Mexico,  y  el  otro  en 
todos  los  demas  caminos  que  hizo  y 
trabajos  que  paso.  Ahora  por  pri- 
mera  vez  impresa.  Tomo  ll,  pp.  455- 
461.  Colcccion  de  Docnmentos  In- 
cditos  para  la  Ilistoria  dc  Espana,  t. 
Lviii,  Madrid,  1875. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


69 


Father  Alonso  Ponce  came  to  America  in 
1584  as  Commissary  General.  His  visit  to 
Uxmal  was  made  just  before  he  left  Yucatan 
to  return  to  Spain.  On  his  travels  he  was 
accompanied  by  two  priests,  said  to  have 
written  the  above  report  as  indicated  in  the 
title.  These  two  priests  were  Fray  Alonso 
de  San  Juan,  who  accompanied  him  from 
Spain,  and  Fray  Antonio  de  Ciudad  Real, 
who  joined  him  in  Mexico  and  was  with  him 
in  all  his  travels.  Fr  Ciudad  Real  un- 
questionably wrote  the  account  of  their 
travels  in  Yucatan,  and  he  is  one  of  the  great 
figures  in  the  literary  and  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory of  Yucatan,  but  his  numerous  works 
have  not  been  published.  His  great  work 
on  the  Mayan  language  was  called  "  Calepino 
de  la  Lengua  Maya  6  Yucateca,"  on  which 
he  was  engaged  for  forty  years.  The  work 
of  this  priest  is  described  by  both  Fr  Bernardo 
de  Lizana,  who  knew  him,  and  Fr  Cogolludo. 
According  to  Lizana  he  wrote,  while  acting  as 
general  secretary  of  the  Commissary  Gen- 
eral, a  "Tratado  curioso  y  docto  de  las 
grandezas  de  la  Nueva  Espana."  This  may 
well  be  the  work,  recently  published,  con- 
taining the  account  of  the  ruins  of  Uxmal. 

The  report  states  that,  "On  Tuesday,  the 
thirteenth  of  October,  the  Father  Commis- 
sary left  Calkini  at  two  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  and  leaving  the  road  which  leads 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


70 


UXMAL 


to  Merida,  he  took  [tlio  road]  for  Mani  and 
Oxkutzcab,  and  traveling  six  leagues  of  good 
road,  arrived  early  at  some  ranchos  or  houses 
of  thatch,  which  the  Indians  of  the  district 
of  Mani  with  their  keeper  had  made  near 
some  ancient  edifices,  very  renowned  in  that 
land,  which  were  called  Uxmal."  The  de- 
scription of  the  buildings  of  Uxmal  con- 
tained in  this  record  of  the  travels  of  Ponce 
is  one  of  the  few  sixteenth-century  accounts 
of  Mayan  cities  that  have  come  down  to  us, 
and  it  is  by  far  the  most  important  and 
extensive.  We  reprint  the  translation  pub- 
lished by  Spinden  in  his  Study  of  Maya  Art. 

"Of  the  very  renowned  edifices  of  Uxmal. 

"On  the  north  of  the  ranchos  where  the 
father  delegate  was  lodged,  as  has  been  seen, 
which  is  about  twenty-  leagues  from  Merida, 
to  the  south  of  that  city,  stands  a  ku  or  mul, 
very  tall  and  made  by  hand.  It  is  very 
difificult  to  ascend  this  by  its  one  hundred  and 
fifty  stone  steps,  which  are  very  steep  and 
which,  from  their  being  very  old,  are  very 
dilapidated.  On  the  top  of  this  mid  a  large 
building  has  been  built,  consisting  of  two 
vaulted  rooms,  made  of  stone  and  lime,  the 
stones  being  carved  with  great  care  on  the 
outside.  In  old  times  they  took  the  Indians 
who  were  to  be  sacrificed  to  these  rooms,  and 
there  they  killed  them  and  offered  them 
to  the  idols.     The  father  delegate  went  up 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


71 


this  mnl  as  soon  as  he  arrived  there,  and 
this  surprised  the  others  greatly,  since  many 
others  did  not  dare  to  go  up  and  could  not 
have  done  so  if  they  had  tried.  Close  to 
this  mul  and  behind  it  on  the  west,  there  are 
lower  down  many  other  buildings  built  in  the 
same  way  with  stone  and  lime  and  with 
arches.  The  stones  are  carved  with  wonder- 
ful delicacy,  some  of  them  having  fallen  and 
others  badly  injured  and  ruined,  while  others 
can  still  be  seen,  and  there  is  much  in  them 
worth  examining.  Among  these  there  are 
four  very  large  and  handsome  buildings  set 
in  a  square  form,  and  in  the  middle  is  a 
square  plaza,  in  which  grew  a  thicket  of 
large  and  small  trees,  and  even  on  top  of  the 
building  there  were  very  large  and  dense 
trees  growing.  The  building  which  faces  the 
south,  has  on  the  outside  four  rooms,  and  on 
the  inside  eight  others,  all  arched  with  cut 
stone,  and  as  carefully  joined  and  put  to- 
gether as  if  very  skilful  workers  of  the 
present  had  built  them.  These  arches,  and 
all  the  other  old  arches  which  have  been 
found  in  the  province,  are  not  rounded  over 
in  the  form  of  a  cupola  nor  like  those  which 
are  made  in  Spain,  but  are  tapered  as  the 
funnels  of  chimneys  are  made  when  built  in 
the  middle  of  a  room,  before  the  flue  begins, 
since  both  sides  draw  together  little  by  little 
and  the  space  between  becomes  more  narrow, 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


72 


UXMAL 


till  on  the  top  one  wall  is  separated  from  the 
other  by  about  two  feet  and  there  they  place 
a  layer,  which  extends  inwards  four  or  five 
inches  on  each  side,  and  over  this  they  place 
flags  or  thin  flat  stones  in  a  level  position, 
and  with  these  the  arch  is  closed,  so  that 
there  is  no  key  to  the  arch,  but  with  the 
great  weight  of  stone  and  mortar,  which  is 
placed  on  top  and  which  strengthens  the 
sides,  the  arch  is  closed  and  remains  fixed 
and  strong.  The  ends  of  this  arched  build- 
ing are  continuous  and  straight  from  top  to 
bottom.  At  the  door  of  each  of  the  rooms 
of  this  building  on  the  inside,  there  are  four 
rings  of  stone,  two  on  one  side  and  two  on  the 
other, — two  of  them  being  high  up  and  two 
lower  down  and  all  coming  out  of  the  same 
wall.  The  Indians  say  that  from  these  rings 
those  who  lived  in  these  buildings  hung 
curtains  and  portieres,  and  it  was  to  be 
noticed  that  no  one  of  these  rooms,  nor  of 
all  the  others,  which  we  found  there,  had 
any  window,  small  or  large.  The  rooms 
were  therefore  rather  dark,  especially  when 
they  were  made  double,  one  behind-  the 
other,  so  that  even  in  this,  this  idolatrous 
race  gave  evidence  of  the  darkness  and 
obscurity  of  the  error  in  which  it  was  en- 
shrouded. The  high  lintels  of  all  these  doors 
were  made  of  the  wood  of  the  chico  zapote, 
which  is  very  strong  and   slow   to   decay,  as 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


73 


could  well  be  seen,  sinc'e  most  of  them  were 
whole  and  sound,  although  they  had  been  in 
position  from  time  immemorial,  according  to 
the  statements  of  the  old  Indians.  The  door 
jambs  were  of  stone  carved  with  great  deli- 
cacy. On  the  facades  of  the  building,  both 
on  those  which  face  the  plaza  or  courtyard, 
as  well  as  on  those  which  face  outward,  there 
are  many  figures  of  serpents,  idols  and 
shields,  many  screens  or  latticework,  and 
many  other  carvings  which  are  very  beauti- 
ful and  fine,  especially  if  one  look  at  them 
from  a  distance  like  a  painting  of  Flanders, 
and  they  are  all  carved  from  the  same  kind 
of  stone.  In  the  middle  of  this  building  a 
great  arch  is  made,  so  that  it  takes  in  all  the 
depth  of  the  building,  and  therefore  it  is  the 
entrance  to  the  courtyard  or  the  above- 
mentioned  plaza.  It  would  appear  that  this 
entrance  had  been  plastered  and  that  on  the 
plaster  paintings  had  been  made  in  blue,  red 
and  yellow  color,  since  even  now  some  of 
them  remain  and  can  be  seen.  Nearly  all 
the  rest  of  the  stones  had  been  plastered  but 
not  painted. 

"The  building  which  stands  at  the  west, 
behind  the  previously  mentioned  mound  of 
sacrifices,  was  in  the  best  condition  and  un- 
injured. It  had  four  doors  which  opened  on 
to  the  courtyard  or  plaza  with  as  many 
rooms,  arched  in  the  same  way  as  the  others 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


74 


UXMAL 


IX 


and  beyond  each  room  was  another,  so  that 
there  were  eight  in  all.  Between  these  four 
doors,  two  on  one  side  and  two  on  the  other, 
there  was  still  another  door  which  opened 
on  the  patio,  and  within  this  was  a  very  large 
hall,  long  and  broad,  with  two  small  rooms 
on  the  sides;  and  beyond  this  hall  there  was 
another — a  little  smaller,  with  two  other 
small  rooms — one  on  each  side,  so  that  inside 
of  this  one  door  there  were  six  rooms,  four 
small  and  two  large,  making,  with  the  other 
eight,  fourteen  rooms  which  this  building 
contained.  On  the  inside  fagades  and  ends 
of  this  building,  there  were  carved  many 
serpents  in  stone,  and  heads  of  savages  and 
other  figures  in  the  manner  of  shields,  and 
at  the  four  corners  (since  each  building  stood 
by  itself  and  not  joined  or  connected  with 
the  other)  there  were  many  other  carvings 
cut  in  the  round  like  a  half  curve,  with  tips, 
which  looked  like  serpent  heads,  and  which 
stood  at  half  a  vara  from  the  rest  of  the 
carvings. 

"The  building  on  the  north  is  the  tallest, 
and  has  more  carvings  and  figures  of  idols, 
serpents  and  shields  and  other  very  beautiful 
things  about  it,  but  it  is  very  much  injured 
and  the  most  of  it  has  fallen.  It  has  ten  doors 
which  open  on  the  plaza  and  another  which 
opens  on  the  eastern  end,  and  inside  each 
one  there  are  two  rooms,  and  so  among  them 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


all  there  are  twenty-two  rooms  in  that  build- 
ing made  of  stone  and  lime,  and  arched  like 
the  others,  but  the  most  of  them,  especially 
those  inside,  have  fallen.  Before  the  ten 
doors  above  mentioned  there  has  been  made 
a  terrace,  paseo,  or  walking-place,  somewhat 
broad  and  open  on  all  sides,  to  which  one 
ascends  from  the  plaza  by  steps  which  are 
now  half  in  ruins.  All  this  terrace  has  below 
it  other  arched  rooms  with  doors  opening  on 
the  same  plaza,  and  these  are  covered  and 
stopped  up  with  stones  and  earth  and  with 
large  trees  which  have  grown  there. 

"The  building  on  the  west  is  very  elegant 
and  beautiful  on  the  outside  facade,  which 
looks  on  the  plaza,  since  serpents  made  of 
stone  extend  over  the  whole  of  it  so  as  to 
enclose  it  from  end  to  end,  making  many 
turns  and  knots,  and  they  finally  end  with 
the  head  of  one  of  them,  on  one  end  of  the 
building,  joined  with  the  tail  of  the  other, 
and  the  same  thing  happens  on  the  other 
end  of  the  building.  There  are  also  many 
figures  of  men  and  idols,  other  figures  of 
monkeys,  and  of  skulls  and  different  kinds 
of  shields — all  carved  in  stone.  There  are 
also  over  the  doors  of  the  rooms  some  statues 
of  stone  with  maces  or  sticks  in  their  hands, 
as  if  they  were  mace-bearers,  and  there  are 
bodies  of  naked  Indians  with  their  masteles 
(which  are  the  old-fashioned  loin-clothes  of 


75 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


76 


UXMAL 


IX 


all  New  Spain,  like  breeches),  by  which  it  is 
shown  that  these  buildings  were  built  by 
Indians.  In  this  building  are  seven  doors, 
of  which  six  open  on  the  patio  and  the  sev- 
enth on  the  end  which  faces  the  north,  and 
inside  of  each  door  are  two  rooms,  so  that 
there  are  fourteen  rooms  in  all,  arched  like 
the  others. 

"Besides  these  four  buildings,  there  is  on 
the  south  of  them  distant  from  them  about 
an  arquebus  shot,  another  very  large  building 
built  on  a  mul  or  hill  made  by  hand,  with 
abundance  of  buttresses  on  the  corners, 
made  of  massive  carved  stones.  The  ascent 
of  this  mul  is  made  with  difficulty,  since  the 
staircase  by  which  the  ascent  is  made  is  now 
almost  destroyed.  The  building,  which  is 
raised  on  this  mul,  is  of  extraordinary 
sumptuousness  and  grandeur,  and,  like  the 
others,  very  fine  and  beautiful.  It  has  on 
its  front,  which  faces  the  east,  many  figures 
and  bodies  of  men  and  of  shields  and  of 
forms  like  the  eagles  which  are  found  on  the 
arms  of  the  Mexicans,  as  well  as  of  certain 
characters  and  letters  which  the  Maya 
Indians  used  in  old  times — all  carved  with 
so  great  dexterity  as  surely  to  excite  admira- 
tion. The  other  facade,  which  faces  the 
west,  showed  the  same  carving,  although 
more  than  half  the  carved  part  had  fallen. 
The  ends  stood  firm  and  whole  with  their 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


77 


four  corners  much  carved  in  the  round,  like 
tliose  of  the  other  building  below.  There 
are  in  this  building  fifteen  doors,  of  which 
eleven  face  the  east,  two  the  west  and  one 
each  face  the  north  and  south,  and  within 
these  doors  there  are  twenty-four  rooms 
arched  like  the  others.  Two  of  these  rooms 
are  in  the  northern  end,  and  two  others  in 
the  southern  end,  while  two  are  in  the  west 
front,  and  all  the  rest  in  the  eastern  front — 
all  made  with  special  accuracy  and  skill. 

"The  Indians  do  not  know  surely  who 
built  these  buildings  nor  when  they  were 
built,  though  some  of  them  did  their  best  in 
trying  to  explain  the  matter,  but  in  doing  so 
showed  foolisrli  fancies  and  dreams,  and 
nothing  fitted  into  the  facts  or  was  satis- 
factory. The  truth  is  that  today  the  place 
is  called  Uxmal,  and  an  intelligent  old 
Indian  declared  to  the  father  delegate  that, 
according  to  what  the  ancients  had  said,  it 
was  known  that  it  was  more  than  nine  hun- 
dred years  since  the  buildings  were  built. 
Very  beautiful  and  strong  they  must  have 
been  in  their  time,  and  it  is  well  known  from 
this  that  many  people  worked  to  build  them, 
as  it  is  clear  that  the  buildings  were  occupied, 
and  that  all  about  them  was  a  great  popu- 
lation, since  this  is  now  evident  from  the 
ruins  and  remains  of  many  other  buildings, 
which  are  seen  from   afar;     but   the   father 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


78 


UXMAL 


delegate  did  not  go  to  these  ruins,  since  the 
thicket  was  very  close  and  dense,  and  there 
was  no  opportunity  to  open  and  clear  out  a 
path  so  as  to  reach  them.  And  now  they 
all  serve  only  as  dwellings  and  nests  for  bats 
and  swallows  and  other  birds,  whose  drop- 
pings fill  the  rooms  with  an  odor  more 
disgusting  than  delightful.  There  is  no  well 
there,  and  the  farmers  of  the  vicinity  carry 
their  drinking  water  from  some  little  pools 
of  rain-water  which  there  are  in  that  region. 
It  may  be  easily  suspected  that  these  build- 
ings were  depopulated  for  want  of  water, 
although  others  say  that  this  is  not  so,  but 
that  the  inhabitants  departed  for  another 
country,  leaving  the  wells  which  were  there 
choked  up." 

1595 

Books  of  Chilam  Balam. 

In  the  Books  of  Chilam  Balam,  called  by 
Brinton  "The  Maya  Chronicles,"  we  find 
mention  of  Uxmal.  The  first  publication  of 
one  of  these  ancient  records,  the  Book  of 
Chilam  Balam  of  Mani,  is  in  Stephens' 
Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucatan  (vol.  11,  app.), 
the  first  edition  of  which  was  published  in 
New  York  in  1843.  A  copy  of  the  manu- 
script, with  a  translation  into  Spanish  and 
with  notes,  was  furnished  Stephens  by  the 
learned  Yucatecan  antiquary  Don  Pio  Perez. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


79 


The  Spanish  translation  of  the  original  Maya 
text  was  translated  into  English  by  Stephens, 
and  appears  opposite  the  Maya  text  (pp. 
465-469).  According  to  Brinton,  who  has 
published  it  in  his  Maya  Chronicles  (pp.  89- 
135),  from  a  copy  made  by  Dr  Carl  Hermann 
Berendt,  with  a  new  English  translation, 
the  Book  of  Chilam  Balam  of  Mani  was  un- 
doubtedly composed  not  later  than  1595, 
as  is  proved  by  internal  evidence  (op.  cit. 
p.  70).  This  chronicle  is  often  called  the 
Codex  Perez.  An  independent  translation 
was  made  by  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  and 
published  as  an  appendix  to  his  edition  of 
the  work  of  Landa  in  1864.  A  study  of  this 
manuscript  was  made  by  Dr  \'alentini  in 
his  Katunes  of  Maya  History,  in  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  1880. 

The  reference  to  Uxmal  is,  "In  the  Katun 
the  second  ahau  Ahcuitok  Tutulxiu  founded 
[the  city  of]  Uxmal."  (Brinton,  Maya  Chron- 
icles, p.  102.) 

In  the  Book  of  Chilam  Balam  of  Tizimin 
the  data  of  the  foundation  of  Uxmal  is  given 
differently.  Brinton's  translation  of  the 
Maya  text  is,  "The  tenth  ahau:  Ahzuitok 
Tutulxiu  founded  Uxmal:  ten  score  years 
had  passed  when  they  established  the  terri- 
tory of  Uxmal."      (Ibid.,  p.  146.) 

In  the  Book  of  Chilam  Balam  of  Chumayel 
it   is   stated   that,    "The   twelfth   ahau:   the 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


80 


UXMAL 


stone  of  Otzmal  was  taken."  (Brinton,  op. 
cit.,  p.  171.)  This  work  has  been  reproduced 
in  facsimile,  with  an  introduction  by  George 
Byron  Gordon,  in  Anthropological  Publica- 
tions of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  v, 
Philadelphia,  1913.  The  reference  to  Otz- 
mal may,  however,  be  Izamal  instead  of 
Uxmal. 

1639 

Sanchez  de  Aguilar,  Pedro.      Informe 

contra   idolorum    cultores   del    Obis- 

pado   de   Yucatan.       Madrid,    1639. 

Segunda  edicion,  Mexico,  1892. 

Sanchez  de  Aguilar  speaks  of  "the  great, 
famous,  and  astounding  edifices  of  stone  and 
mortar,  and  hewn  stone,  figures  and  statues 
of  carved  stone  left  in  Oxumal  [Uxmal]  and 
Chichiniza,  which  may  be  seen  today,  and 
[the  buildings]  may  be  lived  in."  He  further 
states  that  the  Vucatecans  had  been  vassals 
of  the  Mexicans  for  six  hundred  years  before 
the  coming  of  the  Spaniards  (Segunda 
edicion,  p.  94).  Pedro  Sanchez  de  Aguilar 
was  a  descendant  of  the  conquistadores 
Hernan  Sanchez  de  Castilla  and  Hernan  de 
Aguilar,  and  was  born  in  the  peninsula  of 
Yucatan  in  1555.  His  work  on  the  idolatries 
of  the  Indians  was  commenced  in  1613  and 
completed  in  161 5. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


81 


1673 

[Title  Deeds.     (MS.)] 

Stephens  states  that  he  saw  the  title 
deeds,  dated  1673,  of  the  estate  of  Uxmal, 
at  that  time  the  property  of  Don  Simon 
Peon.     He  writes: 

"They  were  truly  a  formidable  pile,  com- 
pared with  which  the  papers  in  a  protracted 
chancery  or  ejectment  suit  would  seem  a 
billet-doux,  and,  unfortunately,  a  great  por- 
tion of  them  was  in  the  Maya  language; 
but  there  was  one  folio  volume  in  Spanish, 
and  in  this  was  the  first  formal  conveyance 
ever  made  of  these  lands  by  the  Spanish 
government.  It  bears  date  the  twelfth  day 
of  May,  1673,  and  is  entitled  a  testimonial 
of  royal  favor  made  to  the  Regidor  Don 
Lorenzo  de  Evia,  of  four  leagues  of  land 
{desde  los  edificios  de  Uxmal)  from  the 
buildings  of  L'xmal  to  the  south,  one  to  the 
east,  another  to  the  west,  and  another  to 
the  north,  for  his  distinguished  merits  and 
services  therein  expressed.  The  preamble 
sets  forth  that  the  Regidor  Don  Lorenzo  de 
Evia,  by  a  writing  that  he  presented  to  his 
majesty,  made  a  narrative  showing  that  at 
sixteen  leagues  from  Merida,  and  three  from 
the  sierra  of  Ticul,  were  certain  meadows 
and  places  named  f/.vma/checaxek,  Tzem- 
chan  -  Cemin  -  Curea  -  Kusultzac,      Exmuue- 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


82 


UXMAL 


IX 


Hixmon-nec,  uncultivated  and  belonging  to 
the  crown,  which  the  Indians  could  not 
profit  by  for  tillage  and  sowing,  and  which 
could  only  serve  for  horned  cattle;  that  the 
said  regidor  had  a  wife  and  children  whom 
it  was  necessary  for  him  to  maintain  for  the 
service  of  the  king  in  a  manner  conforming  to 
his  office,  and  that  he  wished  to  stock  the 
said  places  and  meadows  with  horned  cattle, 
and  praying  a  grant  of  them  for  that  purpose 
in  the  name  of  his  majesty,  since  no  injury 
could  result  to  any  third  person,  but,  'on  the 
contrary,  very  great  service  to  God  our  Lord, 
because  with  that  establishment  it  would 
prevent  the  Indians  in  those  places  from 
worshipping  the  devil  in  the  ancient  buildings 
which  are  there,  having  in  them  their  idols,  to 
which  they  burn  copal,  and  performing  other 
detestable  sacrifices,  as  they  are  doing  every 
day  notoriously  and  publicly.'" — Stephens, 
Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucata?i,  vol.  i,  pp. 
322-323. 

I 687-1 688 

[Claims  to  Land.     (MS.)] 

Stephens  also  was  shown  other  later  docu- 
ments which  he  describes  as  follows: 

"Following  this  is  a  later  instrument, 
dated  the  third  of  December,  1687,  the  pre- 
amble of  which  recites  the  petition  of  Cap- 
tain Lorenzo  de  Evia,  setting  forth  the  grant 
above  referred  to,  and  that  an  Indian  named 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


83 


Juan  Can  had  importuned  him  with  a  claim 
of  right  to  the  said  lands  on  account  of  his 
being  a  descendant  of  the  ancient  Indians,  to 
whom  they  belonged;  that  the  Indian  had 
exhibited  some  confused  papers  and  maps, 
and  that,  although  it  was  not  possible  for 
him  to  justify  the  rights  that  he  claimed,  to 
avoid  litigation,  he,  the  said  Don  Lorenzo  de 
Evia,  agreed  to  give  him  seventy-four  dollars 
for  the  price  and  value  of  the  said  land. 
The  petition  introduces  the  deed  of  consent, 
or  quit-claim,  of  Juan  Can,  executed  with 
all  the  formalities  required  in  the  case  of 
Indians  (the  original  of  which  appears 
among  the  other  title  papers),  and  prays  a 
confirmation  of  his  former  grant,  and  to  be 
put  in  real  and  corporeal  possession.  The 
instrument  confirms  the  former  grant,  and 
prescribes  the  formal  mode  of  obtaining 
possession. 

"Under  the  deed  of  confirmation  appears 
the  deed  of  livery  of  seisin,  beginning,  '  In 
the  place  called  the  edifices  of  Uxmal  and 
its  lands,  the  third  day  of  the  month  of 
January,  1688,'  etc.,  and  concluding  with 
the  words:  'In  virtue  of  the  power  and 
authority  which  by  the  same  title  is  given  to 
me  by  the  said  governor,  complying  with  its 
terms,  I  took  by  the  hand  the  said  Lorenzo 
de  Evia,  and  he  walked  with  me  all  over 
Uxmal  and   its  buildings,  opened  and  shut 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


84 


UXMAL 


some  doors  that  had  several  rooms,  cut 
within  the  space  some  trees,  picked  up  fallen 
stones  and  threw  them  down,  drew  some 
water  from  one  of  the  aguadas  of  the  said 
place  of  Uxmal,  and  performed  other  acts 
of  possession.'" — Stephens,  Incidents  of 
Travel  in  Yucatan,  vol.  i,  pp.  323-324. 

1688 

CoGOLLUDO,  Fr.  Diego  Lopez  de.  His- 
toria  de  Yucathan.  Sacala  a  luz 
Franciso  de  Ayeta.  Madrid,  1688. 
Second  edition,  under  the  title: 
Los  tres  siglos  de  la  dominacion 
Espanola  en  Yucatan,  tomo  i,  Cam- 
peche,  1842;  tomo  11,  Merida,  1845. 
Third  edition,  under  the  title: 
Historia  de  Yucatan  escrita  en  el 
siglo  XVII  por  cl  R.  P.  Fr.  Diego 
Lopez  Cogolludo,  tomo  i,  Merida, 
1867;  tomo  II,  Merida,  1868. 

Uxmal  is  mentioned  in  the  third  edition 
in  tomo  i,  libro  4,  cap.  ii,  pp.  284-285;  also 
in  cap.  vii,  pp.  31 1-3 12.  The  first  men- 
tioned notice  of  Uxmal  contained  in  Cogo- 
lludo is: 

"In  Uxmal  there  is  a  large  patio  with 
many    rooms    separated    in    the    form    of    a 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


85 


cloister,  where  these  virgins  lived.  It  is  a 
work  worthy  of  admiration,  because  the 
exterior  of  the  walls  is  all  of  worked  stones, 
where  there  are  brought  out  figures  of  armed 
men  in  bas-relief,  a  diversity  of  animals, 
birds,  and  other  things,  and  it  has  not  been 
made  out  who  were  the  artificers,  nor  how 
they  were  worked  in  this  land.  All  of  the 
four  fronts  of  the  buildings  of  that  patio  (that 
might  be  called  a  plaza)  are  encircled  by  a 
snake  worked  in  the  same  stone  as  the  walls, 
the  tail  terminating  under  the  head,  and 
being  in  all  its  circuit  four  hundred  feet 
[long]. 

"At  the  southern  part  of  this  edifice  there 
is  another  wliicli  it  is  said  were  the  dwelling 
of  the  lord  of  the  land:  it  is  not  in  the  form 
of  a  cloister,  but  is  made  of  the  stone  worked 
with  the  figures  mentioned  in  the  other,  and 
there  are  many  smaller  [houses]  near  there, 
which  they  say  were  houses  of  the  captains 
and  principal  lords.  In  the  one  on  the  south 
side  there  is  a  wall  in  the  interior  of  the 
building  which,  although  it  is  very  extensive, 
a  little  over  half  a  man's  stature  in  height, 
has  on  its  full  length  a  cornice  of  very 
smooth  stone  which  makes  a  very  fine 
corner,  even  and  very  perfect,  where  I 
remember  there  was  made  of  the  same  stone 
and  remained  in  it  [the  wall]  a  ring  as  thin 
and  handsome  as  can  be  made  of  gold  worked 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


86 


UXMAL 


IX 


in  the  most  beautiful  manner:  absolute 
proof  that  they  were  made  by  perfect  artists. 
Who  they  were  we  do  not  know,  nor  have 
the  Indians  any  tradition  of  them." 

The  second  mention  of  Uxmal  by  Cogo- 
lludo  is: 

"They  have  many  sumptuous  temples  in 
many  parts  of  this  Tierra  Firme,  of  which 
there  remain  today  parts  of  their  edifices, 
like    which   are    in    Vxmal    or   Vxumual,    in 

Chichen     Ytza They    raised     from 

the  ground  a  terrace  (or  mound),  the  founda- 
tion of  the  edifice,  which  is  of  pyramidal 
form,  on  which  there  rise  steps,  although  they 
do  not  terminate  with  this  [pyramid],  for  on 
the  top  there  is  a  small  square  on  which  there 
are  situated,  separated  a  short  distance,  two 
small  chapels  in  which  are  the  idols;  this  is 
the  case  in  that  of  Vxumual,  and  there  they 
make  their  sacrifices  of  men  as  well  as  of 
women  and  children,  and  of  the  other 
things.  Some  of  these  [temples]  have  a 
height  of  more  than  one  hundred  steps,  of  a 
little  more  than  half  a  foot  wide,  each  one. 
I  ascended  one  time  the  one  of  Vxumual,  and 
when  I  had  to  descend,  I  repented  because, 
as  the  steps  are  so  narrow  and  so  many  in 
number,  and  as  the  edifice  rises  almost 
straight  up,  and  since  the  height  is  not  slight 
going  down,  one  gets  dizzy  and  it  is  some- 
what  dangerous.      I   found   there   in  one  of 

INDIAN     NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


two  chapels,  offerings  of  cacao,  and  marks  of 
copal,  which  is  their  incense,  burned  there 
but  a  short  time  before,  an  evidence  of  some 
superstition  or  idolatry  recently  committed, 
although  we  could  not  find  out  anything 
about  it  among  all  of  us  who  were  there. 
God  help  those  poor  Indians,  for  the  devil 
deceives  them  very  easily." 

1822 

Cabrera,  Dr  Paul  Felix.  Description 
of  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  city,  dis- 
covered near  Palenque,  in  the  King- 
dom of  Guatemala  in  Spanish  Amer- 
ica: translated  from  the  original 
manuscript  report  of  Captain  Don 
Antonio  Del  Rio.  Followed  by: 
Teatro  Critico  Americano,  a  critical 
investigation  and  research  into  the 
history  of  the  Americans  by  Doctor 
Felix  Cabrera  of  the  city  of  Guate- 
mala.     London. 

In  the  report  of  Antonio  Del  Rio  (pp.  6-7) 
he  states  that  he  received  an  account  of 
Yucatan  from  Rev.  Father  Thomas  de  Soza, 
a  Franciscan  friar  of  the  convent  at  Merida, 
and  the  following  notice  regarding  Uxmal 
appears: 


87 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


88 


U  X  M  A  L 


"At  the  distance  of  twenty  leagues  from 
the  city  of  Merida  southward,  between  the 
curacy  called  Mona  y  Ticul  and  the  town  of 
Nocacab,  are  the  remains  of  some  stone 
edifices:  one  very  large  building  has  with- 
stood the  ravages  of  time,  and  still  exists  in 
good  preservation:  the  natives  give  it  the 
name  of  Oxmutal.  It  stands  on  an  emi- 
nence of  twenty  yards  in  height,  and  mea- 
sures two  hundred  yards  on  each  facade. 
The  apartments,  the  exterior  corridor,  the 
pillars  with  figures  in  medio  relievo,  and 
decorated  with  serpents,  lizards,  etc.,  formed 
in  stucco,  beside  which  are  statues  of  men 
with  palms  in  their  hands  in  the  act  of  beat- 
ing drums  and  dancing,  resemble  in  every 
respect  those  observable  at  Palenque." 

This  is  the  earliest  modern  printed  notice 
regarding  Uxmal  which  we  have  found.  The 
report  is  dated  Palenque,  June  24,  1787. 

1825 

Warden,     David     B.     Description    des 

ruines  decouvertes  pres  de  Palenque. 

Recncil     de     Voyages     et     Memoires 

publies  par  la  Societe  de  Geographic, 

Paris,  tome  11. 

The  greater  part  of  this  article  was  ab- 
stracted from  the  work  of  Cabrera.  The 
Soza  notice  of  Uxmal  is  on  pp.  176-177. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


1825 
BucHON,  J.  A.  Atlas  geographiqiie, 
statistique,  historique  et  chroijolo- 
gique  des  deux  Ameriques  et  les  iles 
adjacentes;  traduit  de  I'atlas  exe- 
cute en  Amerique  d'apres  Lesage. 
Paris.      (Folio.) 

1834 

Zavala,  Lorenzo  de.  Notice  sur  les 
monuments  antiques  d'Ushmal,  dans 
la  province  de  Yucatan,  fournie  par 
M.  Lorenzo  de  Zavala,  Ambassadeur 
du  Mexique  en  France.  In  Anti- 
quites  Mexicaines,  relation  des  trots 
expeditions  du  Capitaine  Diipaix, 
etc.,  Paris,  Premiere  partie.  Notes 
et  documents  divers,  tome  r,  no.  vi, 
PP-  33-35-     (Folio.) 

1838 
Waldeck,  Frederick.  Voyage  pittor- 
esque  et  archeologique  dans  la  prov- 
ince d' Yucatan  (Amerique  Centrale), 
pendant  les  annees  1834  et  1836. 
Paris.     (Folio.) 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


89 


90 


U  X  M  A  L 


Uxmal,  or  "Itzalane,"  is  treated  on  pp. 
67-74.  A  plan  of  the  ruins  is  given  in  pi. 
viii,  and  views  and  plans  of  some  of  the 
temples  are  in  pi.  ix-xvii.  In  pi.  xvii  are 
three  stone  heads  from  the  ruins.  Descrip- 
tions of  these  plates  are  on  pp.  93-104. 
Waldeck  was  at  Uxmal  in  1835.  His  illus- 
trations are  beautifully  drawn,  but  are  not 
very  accurate,  notwithstanding  the  assertion 
by  Bancroft  (Native  Races,  vol.  iv,  Antiqui- 
ties, note  2,  p.  14s)  that  they  "are  remark- 
able for  their  accuracy." 

1841 

Friedrichstal,  Emmanuel  de.  Les 
monuments  dc  TYucatan.  Nouvelles 
Annates  des  Voyages,  Paris,  tome 
quatrieme,  annee  1841,  tome  92, 
pp.  291-314. 

This  article  is  a  digest  of  the  researches  of 
Friedrichstal,  written  by  Eyries.  Uxmal  is 
described  on  pp.  306-312.  In  tomo  n  of 
Registro  Yucateco,  published  in  Merida  in 
1845,  there  is  a  brief  mention  of  Uxmal  in  a 
letter  written  to  D.  Justo  Sierra  in  Merida, 
treating  of  his  travels  in  Yucatan.  It  was 
published  also  in  the  second  and  third 
editions  of  Cogolludo,  and  bears  the  date 
1841. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


91 


Stephens,   John   Lloyd.       Incidents  of 

travel  in  Central  America,  Chiapas, 

and   Yucatan.      New   York.     2  vols. 

The  account  of  Uxmal  appears   in  vol.  11, 

pp.  410-435,  3  pi. 

This  work  was  the  first  to  place  before  the 
general  reader,  in  a  fascinating  book  of 
travels,  the  wonderful  ruined  cities  of  Cen- 
tral America,  with  splendid  drawings  of  a 
number  of  the  ruined  buildings  and  sculp- 
tures. Stephens,  accompanied  by  Frederick 
Catherwood,  an  English  artist,  left  New  York 
in  October,  1839,  for  Central  America. 
Catherwood  writes  that  the  "only  object  of 
our  journey  [was]  an  exploration  of  the 
ruined  cities  of  Central  America,  the  appoint- 
ment of  Mr  Stephens  as  Special  Confidential 
Agent  from  the  United  States,  having  taken 
place  but  a  very  short  time  previous  to  our 
leaving,  and  after  all  our  arrangements  were 
completed."  On  this  trip  the  explorers  went 
first  to  Guatemala,  visiting  Copan,  which 
at  that  time  was  in  Guatemala  territory; 
thence  into  Salvador,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa 
Rica,  following  the  Pacific  coast.  Returning 
to  Guatemala  they  went  overland  into  south- 
ern Mexico,  visiting  the  ruins  of  Ococingo 
and  Palenque.  Coming  out  by  way  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  they  spent  a  few  days  in 
Yucatan  the  latter  part  of  June,  1841.     At 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


92 


UXMAL 


this  time  it  was  their  intention  to  explore 
Uxmal,  but  they  were  able  to  spend  only  a 
couple  of  days  at  the  ruins,  owing  to  the 
violent  attack  of  fever  which  Catherwood 
suffered,  so  that  they  were  obliged  to  leave 
the  ruins  and  set  sail  immediately  for  the 
United  States.  They  left  Yucatan  on  June 
24,  in  a  sailing  vessel,  arriving  in  New  York 
on  July  31. 

1843 

Stephens,   John   Lloyd.      Incidents  of 
travel  in  Yucatan.  New  York.   2  vols. 

Uxmal  is  described  in  vol.  11,  pp.  147-187, 
293-328;    II  pi.,  9  figs. 

This  is  the  most  extended  and  important 
account  of  the  ruins  of  Uxmal,  and  contains 
historical  material  which  we  reprint  under 
the  years  1556,   1557,   1673,  and  1687-1688. 

Stephens  and  Catherwood  left  New  York 
in  October,  1841,  and  remained  in  Yucatan 
until  June,  1842.  Thc^^  went  to  Uxmal  on 
November  15,  and  Catherwood  remained  at 
the  ruins  until  January  i,  1842,  Stephens 
meanwhile  making  several  visits  from  the 
site  to  other  ruins.  On  his  first  visit  to 
Uxmal  the  year  before,  Stephens  was  pre- 
sented by  the  owner  of  Uxmal  with  a  sculp- 
ture from  the  House  of  the  Governor,  a 
death's-head  with  long  feathers.  On  the 
second  trip  to  Yucatan  he  made  a  consider- 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


93 


able  collection  of  antiquities  from  various 
ruins,  among  them  being  several  sculptured 
lintels,  notably  from  the  House  of  the 
Governor,  described  in  Incidents  of  Travel 
in  Central  America,  vol.  ii,  pp.  432-433,  and 
Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucatan,  vol.  t,  pp. 
178-179.  This  beam,  with  the  other  lintels, 
"as  also  the  whole  collection  of  vases, 
figures,  idols,  and  other  relics  gathered  upon 
this  journey,"  were  destroyed  in  a  fire  in 
New  York,  where  they  were  being  exhibited 
in  a  panorama  of  Thebes  and  Carthage, 
painted  by  Catherwood.  The  Uxmal  stone 
sculpture  above  mentioned  was  fortunately 
not  in  this  exhibition,  as  Stephens  writes 
that  a  collection  of  large  sculptured  stones 
had  not  been  received  at  that  time.  These 
sculptures,  as  well  as  the  death's-head,  were 
presented  by  Stephens  to  Mr  John  A.  Cruger, 
who  built  a  small  roofless  stone  building  on  a 
point  of  Cruger  island  in  Hudson  river.  In 
the  walls  of  this  structure  the  sculptures, 
sixteen  in  number,  were  embedded.  The  two 
largest  and  most  important  were  splendid 
slabs  from  the  ruins  of  Kabali;  the  majority, 
however,  were  from  Uxmal.  They  remained 
at  this  place,  unknown  to  archeologists,  for 
many  years,  when  finally  thej'  were  acquired 
by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory in  1919,  and  are  now  among  the  collec- 
tions of  that  institution. 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


94 


UXMAL 


In  1895  Mrs  Richard  P.  Dana  gave  to  the 
same  Museum  a  massive,  much  defaced  stone 
death's-head  from  Uxmal,  which  was  pre- 
sented by  Stephens  to  lier  brother-in-law, 
who  was  a  fellow-passenger  on  the  sailing 
vessel  which  brought  the  party  from  Yuca- 
tan. It  formerly  had  a  nose,  but  it  was 
broken  off  on  the  voyage,  the  sculpture  hav- 
ing been  carelessly  stored  on  the  deck. 

When  the  Le  Plongeons  were  exploring 
Uxmal  in  the  seventies,  Dr  Le  Plongeon  cut 
from  the  central  facade  of  the  House  of  the 
Governor  a  small,  excellently  carved,  hutnan 
head,  which  was  a  part  of  the  central  design 
of  the  front  of  the  building.  This  he  sold 
to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, where  it  is  now  exhibited.  Several 
years  ago  some  natives  discovered  in  a  room 
formed  by  one  of  the  two  set-in  arches  of  the 
western  side  of  the  House  of  the  Governor, 
two  magnificent  painted  stucco  human  heads, 
described  by  Gann  (19 18),  which  are  now  in 
the  Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  Hej-e 
Foundation.     (See  herein  under  1918.) 

The  great  interest  aroused  by  the  publica- 
tion of  Stephens'  two  works  is  shown  by  the 
number  of  editions  in  which  the  volumes  were 
printed.  Of  the  first  work.  Incidents  of 
Travel  in  Central  America,  twelve  editions 
were  printed  within  a  year,  and  with  a  slight 
change  in  the  imprint  only,  it  was  issued  in 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


New  York  in  1841,  1842,  1845,  1846,  1848, 
1851,  1852,  1855,  1858,  i860,  1863.  and  1867, 
all  of  which  reprints  are  titled  "Twelfth 
edition."  There  are  also  London  editions 
of  1841,  1842,  1843,  1844. 

The  work  on  Yucatan  was  also  reprinted, 
with  slight  variations  in  imprint,  in  New 
York  in  1847,  1848,  1855,  1856,  1858,  i860, 
and  1868.  There  is  also  a  London  edition, 
published  by  John  Murray  in  1843. 

XoRMAN,  B.  M.  Rambles  in  Yucatan, 
or  notes  of  travel  through  the  penin- 
sula, including  a  visit  to  the  remark- 
able ruins  of  Chi-Chen,  Kabah, 
Zayi,  Uzmal,  &c.     New  York. 

Norman  went  to  Yucatan  in  December, 
1841,  and  was  at  LTxmal  from  February  25  to 
March  4,  according  to  his  own  account.  He 
apparently  "trailed"  Stephens  and  Cather- 
wood,  taking  advantage  of  their  clearing 
around  the  ruins.  He  writes  of  Uxmal  on 
pp.  154-167,  199.  There  are  a  plan  of  the 
ruins,  five  plates  showing  the  edifices,  and 
five  text  figures.  The  popular  interest 
aroused  at  this  time  in  the  subject  of  the 
ruined  cities  of  Yucatan  is  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  Norman's  work  appeared  in  seven 
editions  within  a  few  j'ears  following  the 
original  publication. 


95 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


96 


UXMAL 


IX 


1844 

Catherwood,  Frederick.  Views  of 
ancient  monuments  in  Central  Amer- 
ica and  Yucatan  by  F.  Catherwood, 
Arch*.  London.  Also  New  York. 
(Folio.) 

In  the  Introduction  some  ot  the  buildings 
of  Uxmal  are  briefly  described  on  pp.  7-8, 
and  the  rapid  growth  of  vegetation  is  com- 
mented on.  PI.  8-15  illustrate  some  of  the 
edifices,  but  these  are  not  the  same  illus- 
trations as  those  published  by  Stephens, 
with  the  exception  of  pi.  14,  the  northern 
end  of  the  western  range  of  the  "Monjas" 
group,  which  reproduces  Stephens'  plate 
opposite  p.  302,  the  only  difference  being  that 
the  drawing  published  by  Catherwood  is 
more  highly  finished  and  detailed. 

An  original  painting  by  Catherwood  has 
been  long  in  possession  of  the  American  Geo- 
graphical Society  of  New  York.  It  has  now 
been  lent  to  the  Museum  of  the  American 
Indian,  Hcye  Foundation,  and  is  exhibited 
in  the  hall  devoted  to  Mexican  and  Central 
American  antiquities.  This  painting  repre- 
sents the  western  section  of  the  northern 
range  of  the  "Monjas"  group,  and  until 
now  has  remained  unpublished.  It  measures 
3  ft.  5  in.  long  and  i  ft.  9  in.  high.     We  re- 


INDIAN    NOTES 


SAVIILE— UXMAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


NORTHERN   BUILDING  OF  1\ 
From  an  unpublished  painting 


^0. 


A-:  li I *.'? >^yd?t= 


t^3i 


i^JS^isiira^^ 


MONJAS"  GROUP,   UXMAL 
rederick  Catherwood  in  I  841 


SAVILI.E---UXMAI-  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


NORTHERN   BUILDING  OF  Tl 
From  a  photograph  made  in   I  888  by  Henry  M. 


WIONJAS"  GROUP,  UXMAL 
for  the  Peabody  Museum,  Harvard  University 


SAVILLE---UXMAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


GENERAL  VIEW   OF  THE   NORTHERN   P 
From  a  photograph  maHe  in   I  888  by  Henry  M    S 


OF  THE   "MONJAS"   GROUP.   UXMAL 
for  the  Peabody  Museum,  Haivard  University 


SAVILLE— -UXMAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


.■■.-^- 


GENERAL  VIEW   OF  THE   NORTHERN    F 
From  a  photograph  made  in   I  ? 


OF  THE  "MONJAS"   GROUP,   UXMAL 
y  George  Oakley  Totten,  Jr. 


r 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


97 


produce  it  in  pi.  i.  In  Catherwood's  Views, 
pi.  15  shows  a  section  of  this  painting  with 
slight  variations  in  the  composition  of  the 
group  of  people  in  the  foreground.  It  shows 
only  two  of  the  doorways,  whereas  the  one 
we  now  reproduce  gives  the  entire  western 
half  of  the  building.  Our  pi.  11  presents  this 
building  from  a  photograph  made  bj^  Henry 
M.  Sweet  in  1888  for  the  Peabody  Museum, 
Harvard  University;  it  is  the  same  section 
given  by  Catherwood.  PI.  iii,  a  photograph 
also  made  by  Mr  Sweet,  is  a  view  of  the 
entire  structure,  showing  also  the  front  of  the 
western  and  the  back  of  the  eastern  buildings 
of  the  "  Monjas"  group.  It  was  taken  from 
the  pyramid  of  the  House  of  the  Dwarfs,  or, 
as  it  is  also  called,  Casa  del  Adivino.  PI.  iv 
is  the  same  view  reproduced  from  a  photo- 
graph made  in  1919  by  Maj.  George  Oakley 
Totten,  Jr.  It  exhibits  the  present  condi- 
tion of  the  building,  cleared  of  vegetation 
by  the  Mexican  Inspector  of  Monuments. 
Changes  will  be  noted  in  the  two  photo- 
graphs in  the  ruined  building  in  the  middle 
foreground  of  pi.  iii  and  the  lower  right-hand 
corner  of  pi.  iv,  a  section  of  the  middle  end 
having  fallen  during  the  last  thirty-one  years. 

jNIuhlenpfordt,  Eduard.      Versuch  ein- 
er  getruen  Schilderung  de  Republik 
Mejico.      Hannover.     2  vols. 
A    mere    mention    of    Uxmal    appears    in 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


98 


UXMAL 


Zweiter  Band,  p.  i2,  which  gives  the  name 
as  Uchmal.  Miihlenpfordt  spent  seven 
years  in  Mexico,  but  evidently  did  not  visit 
Yucatan. 

1845 

L.G.  Una  visita  a  las  ruinas  de  Uxmal. 
Registro  Yiicateco,  Merida,  tomo  i, 
pp.  275-279. 

IM.F.P.  Una  incursion  al  interior.  Reg- 
istro Yucateco,  Merida,  tomo  i,  pp. 
361-370. 

Describes  a  visit  to  Uxmal. 

Un  Curioso  {pseiidony?}!).  Dos  dias  en 
Nophat.  Registro  Yucateco,  Merida, 
tomo  II,  pp.  261-272. 

This  article  is  dated  May  25,  1845,  and  is 
largely  a  dialogue  relating  to  the  traditional 
history  of  Uxmal.  We  quote  Bancroft's 
paraphrase  of  it  in  another  place  (pp.  59—60). 

I 848- I 850 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd.  V^iaje  a  Yuca- 
tan a  fines  de  1841  y  principios  de 
1842.  Consideraciones  sobre  los 
usos,    costumbres    y    vida    social    de 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


este  pueblo,  y  examen  y  descripcion 
de  las  vastas  ruinas  y  ciudades 
Americanas  que  en  el  existen.  Obra 
que,  con  el  titulo  de  "Incidents  of 
Travel  in  Yucatan"  escribi6  en  ingles 
Mr,  John  L.  Stephens,  y  la  traduce 
al  castellano,  con  algunas  notas 
ocasionales,  D.  Justo  Sierra.  Tomo 
i>  373  +  ^-^i'^'  PP-'  Campeche,  1848; 
tomo  II,   409  pp.,   Campeche,    1850. 

In  this  Mexican  edition  no  maps,  plans, 
or  pictures  are  given,  but  it  is  of  importance 
for  the  annotations  made  by  the  translator, 
Don  Justo  Sierra,  father  of  the  late  Minister 
of  Public  Instruction  in  Mexico,  of  the  same 
name. 

1853 

Heller,  Carl.  Reisen  in  Mexiko  in 
den  Jahren  1845-1848.     Leipzig. 

For  Uxmal,  see  2d  Abschnitt,  chap,  xvn, 
pp.  255-268.  Heller  spent  three  days  in 
Uxmal  in  April  1847. 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd.  Begebenheiten 
auf  einer  Reise  in  Yucatan.  Deutsch 
von  Dr.  N.  N.  W.  Meissner.  116 
Abbildungen,    10   Planen,    und   einer 


99 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


100 


UXMAL 


Karte  von  Yucatan.      Leipzig,  xviii, 

438  pp.     8°. 

A  German  translation  of  Incidents  of 
Travel  in  Yucatan. 

1854 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd.  Reiseerleb- 
nisse  in  Centralamerika,  Chiapas 
und  Yucatan.  Nach  der  zwolften 
Auflage  ins  Deutsche  Ubertragen  von 
Eduard  Hoepfner.  Mit  einer  Karte, 
Planen  und  zahlreichen  Illustra- 
■     tionen.     Leipzig,  xiv,  554  pp.,  ill.    8°. 

A  German  translation  of  Incidents  of 
Travel  in  Central  America,  Chiapas,  and 
Yucatan. 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd,  ajid  Cather- 
WOOD,  Frederick.  Incidents  of 
travel  in  Central  America,  Chiapas, 
and  Yucatan.  By  the  late  John 
Lloyd  Stephens.  Revised  from  the 
latest  American  edition,  with  addi- 
tions, by  Frederick  Catherwood. 
London,  (i  vol.) 
The  account  of  Uxmal  is  chapter  XLI,  pp. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


101 


515-526,  3  ill.  The  only  revision  made  by 
Catherwood  is  the  omission  of  the  para- 
graph at  the  bottom  of  page  433  and  the  top 
of  page  434.  This  referred  to  a  "sculptured 
ornam?nt  .  .  .  introduced  in  one  of  the 
compartments  of  the  plan"  (plate  opposite 
p.  429  of  the  original  edition,  and  p.  522  of 
the  revised  edition).  This  sculpture  had 
been  removed  by  the  owner  of  the  estate, 
Don  Simon  Peon,  who  had  "the  intention 
of  setting  it  up  as  an  ornament  on  the  front 
of  his  hacienda."  Don  Simon  presented  the 
■  sculpture  to  Stephens,  and  with  a  number  of 
other  pieces,  notably  the  two  great  slabs 
from  Kabah,  it  was  sent  to  New  York.  (See 
note  under  Stephens,  1843.)  The  plates  In 
this  edition  of  Catherwood  are  from  revised 
drawings,  and  in  place  of  the  plate  given  by 
Stephens  opposite  p.  434,  showing  a  section 
of  the  northeast  corner  of  the  House  of  the 
Governor  with  a  single  doorway,  Cather- 
wood gives  (p.  526)  a  larger  section  of  the 
same  building  with  two  doorways  and  a 
portion  of  one  of  the  arches,  with  the  terraced 
platform  upon  which  the  building  stands. 

1858 

Brasseur  de   Bourbourg,   Abbe.     His- 
toire  des  nations  civilisees  du   Mex- 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


? 


102 


UXMAL 


ique     et     de     rAm^rique-Centrale. 
Paris. 

In  tome  second,  chap,  quatrleme,  pp.  578- 
591,  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  gives  an  ex- 
tended account  of  the  traditional  history  of 
Uxmal,  taken,  as  he  writes,  from  the  article 
Dos  Dias  en  Nophat  (see  entry  under  1845) 
and  from  data  furnished  him  by  Sr  Casares, 
"a  well-informed  Yucatecan,  and  former 
Deputy  from  his  land  to  Mexico." 

i860 

Charnay,  Desire.  Un  voyage  au 
Yucatan.  Tour  dii  Monde,  Paris, 
tome  V. 

On  p.  344  is  a  view  of  the  north  range  of 
the  group  of  the  Monjas,  and,  on  p.  352,  an 
illustration  of  the  east  range  of  the  same 
group. 

1863 

Charnay,  Desire.  Cites  et  ruines 
Americaines  Mitla,  Palenque,  Iz- 
amal,  Chichen-Itza,  Uxmal  Re- 
cueillies  et  photographiees  par  Desire 
Charnay    avec    une    texte    par    M. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


103 


Viollet-le-Duc. 
of  plates.) 


Paris.      (With  atlas 


The  ruins  of  Uxmal  are  treated  from  an 
architectural  point  of  view  by  \'iollet-le-Duc, 
under  the  title  "Antiquites  Americaines," 
from  a  study  of  the  photographs  and  notes 
made  by  Charnay,  on  pp.  6i,  72,  figs.  8-10. 
Charnay  describes  the  ruins  in  the  section 
"Le  Mexique,  1858-1861,  Souvenir  et  Im- 
pressions de  Vo3'age,"  chap,  xi,  pp.  351-382. 

The  atlas  is  an  oblong  folio  of  7  pp.  and 
49  pi.  PI.  35-49  are  of  Uxmal.  PI.  35  is  a 
view  of  the  front  of  the  pyramid  of  the 
"House  of  the  Dwarf,"  also  called  the 
"House  of  the  Diviner."  PI.  36  shows  the 
northern  range  of  the  "Monjas  group,"  the 
view  shown  in  our  reproduction  of  Cather- 
wood's  drawing.  PI.  37-44  are  other  views 
of  the  four  buildings  of  this  group.  PI.  45-47 
present  views  of  the  "House  of  the  Gover- 
nor," 45  being  a  double  folding  plate.  PI.  48 
is  the  "House  of  the  Turtles,"  and  49  is  a 
general  view  of  the  ruins  looking  south  from 
the  courtyard  of  the  "  Monjas  group."  The 
copy  in  the  New  York  Public  Library  bears 
the  date  1862.  A  copy  is  described  in  the 
catalogue  of  tlie  Squier  Library  under  the 
title  "  '  Le  Mexique  et  les  Monuments 
Anciens,'  20  photographs.     Paris,  1864." 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


104 


IX 


UXMAL 


1865 

Ramirez,  Jose  Fernando.  Viaje  a 
Yucatan  y  descripcion  de  sus  ruinas. 
(MS.)  Title  cited  in  Biblioteca 
Ilistorico- Americana,  Mexico,  1898, 
p.  xliii.      (See  1887,  Chavero.) 

Ramirez,  Jose  Fernando.      Extractos  y 

noticias  de  manuscritos  relacionados 

con  la  historia  de  Mexico.     Tomo  iii. 

Contains  a  copy  of  the  solicitation  of 
Lorenzo  de  Evia,  dated  1663  and  1667. 
Evidently  the  documents  (1687-88)  copied 
by  Stephens  and  presented  by  him  in  Eng- 
lish. 

1866 

ViOLLET-LE-Duc,  M.  Ciudades  y  ruinas 
Americanas,  Mitla,  Palenque,  Iz- 
amal,  Chichen-Itza,  Uxmal.  Mex- 
ico. 

A  translation  by  Jose  Guzman  of  Anti- 
quites  Americaines  (1863).  Uxmal  is  de- 
scribed on  pp. 38-45. 

1867 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Abhe.  Ex- 
tract from  a  letter  written  in  Mexico, 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


105 


Jan.  27,  1865.      Archives  de  la  Com- 
mission    scientifique     dii     Mexiqiie. 
Palis,  tome  i,  pp.  457-460. 

In  this  letter  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg 
writes  of  his  visit  to  the  ruins  of  Izamal  and 
Uxmal,  stating  that  he  spent  ten  days  at 
Uxmal  with  M.  Bourgeois,  apparently  in 
December,  1864. 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Abbe.  Essai 
historique  sur  le  Yucatan  et  de- 
scription des  ruines  de  Ti-Hoo  (Mer- 
ida)  et  d' Izamal.  Archives  de  la 
CommissioTi  scientifique  dji  Mexique, 
Paris,  tome  11,  pp.  18-64. 

This  report,  dated  Mexico,  Feb.  24,  1865. 
contains  numerous  references  to  Uxmal. 
On  p.  39  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  illustrates  a 
small  stone  sculpture  representing  a  human 
head,  obtained  by  him  in  Uxmal. 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Abbe.  Rap- 
port sur  les  ruines  de  Mayapan  et 
Uxmal  au  Yucatan  (Mexique).  Ar- 
chives de  la  Commissiofj  scientifique 
du  Mexique,  Paris,  tome  11,  pp.  234- 
288. 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


106 


UXMAL 


This  includes  an  important  report  on 
Uxmal  (pp.  249-288).  witla  a  folded  plan  of 
the  ruins  and  four  text  illustrations.  The 
author  paid  considerable  attention  to  the 
ancient  water-supply  and  to  the  outlying 
ruined  structures. 

1877 

Salisbury,  Stephen.  The  Mayas.  The 
sources  of  their  history.  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society  of  April  26,  18^6,  and  April 
^5'  ^Sjy,  Worcester,  Mass.,  pp.  18- 
21. 

The  author  spent  the  winter  of  1861  in 
Yucatan,  and  his  description  refers  to  a 
visit  to  the  ruins  of  Uxmal  at  that  time, 
"in  company  with  a  party  of  sixteen  gentle- 
men from  Merida,  of  whom  two  only  had 
seen  them  before." 

1879 

Varigny,  C.  V.  C.  DE.  Las  ruinas  de 
Uxmal.     Madrid.     8°. 

Title  from  Haebler.  (See  item  under 
1891.) 

1880 

Rice,  Allen  Thorndike.  Ruined  cities 
of  Central  America.       North'  Ameri- 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


107 


can  Review,  New  York,  vol.  cclxxxv, 

August,  pp.  89-108. 

An  introduction  by  the  editor  of  The 
North  American  Review  to  a  series  of  articles 
by  Desire  Charnay  describing  his  explora- 
tions among  the  ruined  cities  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America  during  the  years  1880- 
1882.  This  expedition  was  under  the 
auspices  of  the  French  Government  and  of 
Mr  Pierre  Lorillard,  who  defrayed  the 
greater  part  of  the  expenses.  Several  of  the 
buildings  of  Uxmal  are  described  by  Rice 
on  pp.  100-103.  I>^  the  eleven  articles  which 
follow,  Charnay  does  not  describe  his  ex- 
plorations at  Uxmal,  except  to  state,  in 
article  x,  that  he  "sent  a  party  to  Uxmal, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr  Ayme  [the  United 
States  Consul],  to  make  casts  of  the  in- 
scriptions in  the  Governor's  Palace"  (p.  411). 
Numerous  reports  of  this  expedition  were 
published  in  different  places  and  in  various 
languages.  The  definitive  account  will  be 
found  in  the  French  and  English  narratives 
published  in  1885  and  1887. 

Morgan,  Lewis  Henry.  A  study  of  the 
houses  of  the  American  aborigines; 
with  suggestions  for  the  examination 
of  the  ruins  in  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
the  valley  of  the  San  Juan,  and  in 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


108 


UXMAL 


Yucatan  and  Central  America. 
Archceological  Institute  of  America, 
First  Annual  Report  of  the  Executive 
Committee,   iSyg-iSSo.     Cambridge. 

The  above  study  occupies  pp.  27-80.  In 
it  Mr  Morgan  attempts  to  show,  based 
chiefly  on  the  grouping  of  the  ruins  of  Uxmal, 
that  the  ruined  cities  of  Yucatan  and 
Central  America  are  to  be  classed  as  com- 
munal structures,  "joint-tenement  houses 
of  the  aboriginal  American  type."  Uxmal 
ruins  are  treated  on  pp.  59-67,  77-78,  figs. 
18-22. 

1881 

Morgan,  Lewis  Henry.  Houses  and 
house-life  of  the  American  aborigines. 
Contributions  to  North  American  Eth- 
nology, vol.  IV,  Washington. 

This  is  an  extended  study,  of  which  the 
entry  under  1880  is  simply  a  specially  pre- 
pared article.  Chapter  ix,  pp.  251-276, 
covers  the  "Ruins  of  houses  of  the  sedentary 
Indians  of  Yucatan  and  Central  America." 
The  same  arguments  are  adduced  to  prove 
the  communal  character  of  the  Yucatan 
buildings.  Uxmal  is  treated  on  pp.  256, 
259-266,  275-276,  figs.  50-54- 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


109 


Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe.  The  works 
of  Hubert  Howe  Bancroft.  Vol.  IV, 
The  Native  Races:  vol.  iv.  Antiqui- 
ties.    San  Francisco. 

A  resume  (pp.  149-200)  describing  the 
ruins  based  on  the  works  of  various  ex- 
plorers, with  many  illustrations.  Valuable 
for  its  bibliographic  notes. 

Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe.  Ibid.  Vol. 
V,  The  Native  Races:  vol.  v,  Primi- 
tive History. 

In  chap.  XIII,  on  the  History  of  the  Mayas 
in  Yucatan,  pp.  629-633,  the  traditional 
history  of  the  reign  of  the  Tutul  Xiu  family 
in  Uxmal  is  discussed. 

Catalogo  de  la  F^xposicion  Ameri- 
CANISTA.  JMadrid.  Seccion  primera, 
numeros  230-231. 

Contains  a  notice  of  sculptures  from  the 
Casa  del  Gobernador  and  the  Monjas  group, 
taken  from  the  ruins,  now  in  the  Museo 
Arqueologico  de  Madrid.  Mentioned  by 
Troncoso  (1893),  P-  4i- 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


no 


UXMAL 


1884 

Charnay,  Desire.  Voyage  au  Yucatan 
et  au  pays  des  Lacandons.  Tour  du 
Monde,    Paris,    tomes    xlvii-xlviii. 

A  series  of  articles  in  23  cliapters.  Uxmal 
is  described  in  chap,  xiv,  pp.  59-64,  with 
5  ill. 

Charnay,  Desire.  Viaje  al  Yucatan  y 
al  pais  de  !os  Lacandones.  America 
Pintoresco,    Barcelona,    pp.   341-476. 

This  is  a  translation  of  the  narrative  pub- 
lished in  Tour  du  Monde.  Uxmal  is  de- 
scribed on  pp.  416-422,  4  ill.  A  picture  of 
the  hacienda  of  Uxmal  appearing  in  the 
French  version  is  omitted. 

Ober,  Frederick  A.  Travels  in  Mex- 
ico, and  life  among  the  Mexicans. 
Boston. 

Chap,  in,  Uxmal,  pp.  56-81,  5  ill.  The 
plate  opposite  p.  72,  with  the  caption 
"Uxmal,"  should  be  Chichen  Itza.  Ober 
visited  Uxmal  in  March  1881. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


1885 

Le  Plongeon,  Alice  D.  The  old  and 
the  new  in  Yucatan.  Harper's 
Monthly,  New  York,  Feb.,  pp.  372- 
386. 

An  interesting  account  of  Uxmal  on  pp. 
376-381,  with  three  views  of  the  buildings. 

Charnay,  Desire.  Les  anciennes  villes 
du  nouveau  monde  voyages  d'explor- 
ations  au  Mexiqiie  et  dans  I'Amer- 
ique  Centrale  par  Desire  Charnay 
1857-1882.      Paris. 

Chap.  20,  Uxmal,  pp.  331-349,  9  ill. 

1887 

Charnay,  Desire.  The  ancient  cities 
of  the  New  World  being  voyages 
and  explorations  in  Mexico  and 
Central  America  from  1857-1882. 
Translated  from  the  French  by  J. 
Gonino  and  Helen  S.  Conant.  New 
York. 

Uxmal,  pp.  390-413,  9  ill. 


Ill 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


112 


UXMAL 


Chavero,  Alfredo.        Mexico  a  traves 

de    los    siglos.      Tomo    i,  Primera 

epoca.     Historia    antigua.  Mexico. 
Barcelona. 

For  Uxmal,  see  cap.  vi,  pp.  424-433; 
cap.  VII,  pp.  436-456;   65  ill. 

In  prefacing  the  account  of  Uxmal, 
Chavero  writes:  "Generally  in  describing 
these  prodigious  ruins  historians  copy  the 
magnificent  description  of  Stephens;  we 
more  fortunately  substitute  the  unpublished 
account  of  Don  Jose  Fernando  Ramirez  .  .  . 
the  result  of  a  visit  made  by  him  to  Uxmal 
in  1865."  The  Ramirez  report  referred  to  by 
Chavero  is  still  unpublished,  except  for  the 
extracts  relating  to  Uxmal.  It  is  entitled 
"  Viaje  a  Yucatan  y  descripcion  de  sus  ruinas 
arqueologicas."  See  Biblioteca  Historica- 
Atnericana  Septentrional,  Mexico,  1898,  p. 
xliii.  The  Ramirez  account  published  by 
Chavero  contains  detailed  descriptions  of  the 
House  of  the  Governor,  pp.  424-429;  House 
of  the  Turtles,  pp.  436-438;  Group  of  the 
Monjas,  or  Nunnery,  pp.  442-452;  House 
of  the  Doves,  pp.  452-454.  See  1865, 
Ramirez. 

1888 

Ober,  Frederick  A.      Ancient  cities  of 
America.      Bulletin  of  the  American 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


113 


Geographical  Society,  New  York,  vol. 
XX,  no.  I. 
Uxmal  is  described  on  pp.  62-65. 

1889 

Banks,  David  Saltonstall.  A  New- 
Yorker  in  Yucatan.  Frank  Leslie's 
Popular  Magazine,  New  York,  vol. 
XXVII,  no.  5. 

Mr  Banks  gives  an  interesting  description 
of  the  principal  buildings  at  Uxmal,  with  an 
illustration  of  the  House  of  the  Dwarfs,  on 
PP-  547-550. 

189I 

V.     C.     DE.     Les     ruines 
U  Illustration,      Supple- 
ment   au    no.    2928,    Paris,    8    avril, 
pp.  1-41,  ill. 


Varigny,    C. 
d'Uxmal. 


A  modern  story  with  the  scene  laid  in 
Uxmal.  Haebler.  gives  the  title,  Las  Ruinas 
de  Uxmal,  Madrid,  1879. 

1892 

Saville,     Marshall     H.        Vandalism 
among    the    antiquities    of    Yucatan 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


114 


UXMAL 


and  Central  America.  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  Rochester, 
vol.  XLi,  p.  276;  Science,  New  York, 
vol.  XX,  p.  365. 

Calls  attention  to  the  painting  of  names  on 
the  buildings,  and  the  breaking  of  sculptures 
with  machetes.  The  writer  spent  several 
weeks  at  Uxmal  during  the  winter  of  1891  in 
the  excavation  of  a  mound  at  the  rear  of 
the  hacienda  building.  Several  tombs  were 
discovered  under  the  floors  of  the  rooms. 

1893 

Paso  y  Troncoso  Francisco  del. 
Catalogo  de  la  Seccion  de  Mexico, 
E.xposicion  Historico-Americana  de 
Madrid.     Madr  d. 

Tomo  II,  pp.  40-51,  contains  a  detailed 
description  of  a  number  of  enlarged  photo- 
graphs of  the  ruins  of  Uxmal,  exhibited  at 
the  Exposicion  Historico-Americana  held  in 
Madrid  in  1892  in  honor  of  the  four-hun- 
dredth centenary  of  the  discover}'  of  America. 

1894 

Brine,  Lindsay.  Travels  amongst  the 
American     Indians,     their     ancient 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


115 


earthworks  and  temples,  including  a 
journey  in  Guatemala,  Mexico  and 
Yucatan,  and  a  visit  to  the  ruins  of 
Patinamit,  Pa  enque  and  Uxmal. 
London. 

Vice-Admiral  Brine  visited  Uxmal  in 
January,  1870.  For  his  descriptions,  see 
pp.  xv-xvi,  336-359.  10  ill. 

1895 

Haebler,  Karl.  Die  Maya-Litteratur 
und  der  Maya-Apparat  zu  Dresden. 
Centralblatt  filr  Bihliothekswesen, 
Leipzig,  XII  Jahrgang,  12  Heft,  pp. 
537~575- 
For  Uxmal,  see  p.  554. 

Baker,  Frank  Collins.  A  naturalist 
in  Mexico;  being  a  visit  to  Cuba, 
northern  Yucatan  and  Mexico.  Chi- 
cago. 

Holmes,  William  H.  Archaeological 
studies  among  the  ancient  cities  of 
Mexco.        Part    I,     Monuments    of 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


116 


UXMAL 


Yucatan.  Field  Columbian  Mu- 
seum, Anthropological  Series,  Publi- 
cation 8,  vol.  I,  no.  I,  Chicago,  Dec. 

Uxmal,  pp.  80-96,  pi.  v-ix,  fig.  26.  This 
is  the  most  important  and  detailed  descrip- 
tion of  the  main  buildings  of  Uxmal.  PI.  viii 
is  a  sketch  map,  and  pi.  ix  a  panorama  of  the 
group  which  gives  a  splendid  conception  of 
this  wonderful  ruined  city.  Professor  Holmes 
was  a  member  of  the  Armour  Expedition, 
and  was  in  Uxmal  in  January,  1895.  The 
"inscribed  stela  or  column"  on  pi.  vii  was 
discovered  by  Le  Plongeon. 

1896 

Mercer,  Henry  C.  Hill-caves  of  Yuca- 
tan. A  search  for  evidence  of  man's 
antiquity  in  the  caverns  of  Central 
America,  being  an  account  of  the 
Corwith  expedition  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Archaeology  and  Palae- 
ontology of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    Philadelphia. 

In  chap.  X,  Uxmal,  pp.  85-90,  fig.  32, 
Mercer  records  a  visit  to  the  ruins  in  1895, 
but  adds  nothing  to  our  knowledge  of  them. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


117 


FouLKE,  William  Dudley.  Uxmal. 
Monthly  Illustrator,  New  York,  no. 
12,  pp.  256-263,  II  ill. 

A  very  readable  account  of  the  ruins, 
with  original  illustrations.  Mr  Foulke 
visited  Uxmal  for  material  to  furnish  local 
color  for  a  novel,  "Maya  a  Story  of  Yuca- 
tan," published  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons, 
New  York  and  London,  1900. 

1897 

Mercer,  Henry  C.  Cave  hunting  in 
Yucatan.  Technology     Quarterly, 

Boston,   December,  vol.  x,   no.  4. 
Mention  of  Uxmal,  pp.  364-365,  i  pi. 

Neue  Forschungen  in  den  Ruinen  von 
Uxmal  (Yukatan).  Globus,  Bd. 
LXXi,   H.    14,   3  April,   pp.   220-224, 

4  fig- 

A  review  of  the  part  of  Holmes'  work 
relating  to  Uxmal,  with  two  of  Maler's 
photographs  of  the  "Nunnery"  group. 

1903 

Seler,  Eduard.  Ein  Wintersemester  in 
Mexico    und    Yucatan.        Zeitschrijt 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


118 


UXMAL 


der  Gesellschaft  filr  Erdkunde  zu  Ber- 
lin, Bd.  38,  pp.  477-502. 

Seler  publishes  a  photograph  of  the  corner 
of  one  of  the  buildings  of  the  "Nunnery" 
group,  showing  three  masks  with  upturned, 
curled  noses. 

1905 

Gordon,  George  Byron.  The  serpent 
motive  in  the  ancient  art  of  Central 
America  and  Mexico.  Transactions 
of  the  Department  of  Archeology, 
University  of  Pen^isylvania,  Phila- 
delphia, vol.  I,  pt.  III. 

Examples  of  the  sculptured  details  of  the 
Uxmal  buildings  are  used  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  author's  thesis.  See  pi.  vii 
and  xiii. 

1906 

Seler,  Eduard.  Studien  in  den  Ruinen 
von  Yucatan.  Correspondenzblatt 
der  deiitschen  Gesellschaft  fiir  Anthro- 
pologic, Ethnologic  iind  Urgeschichte, 
Bd.  XXXV,  pp.  114-116,  1903. 

Enlarged  in  Compte  Rendu  de  la 
X  Verne  session  du  Congres  inter- 
national des  Americanistes,   Quebec, 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


1906,  tome  II,  pp.  414-422.  In- 
cluded in  Gesammeltc  Abhandlungen 
zur  Avierikanischen  Sprach-  mid 
Alterthumskunde,  Berlin,  1908,  Drit- 
ter  Band,  pp.  710-717,  5  fig. 

This  is  a  study  of  the  astronomical  sym- 
bolism and  glyphs  of  the  temples  of  Uxmal. 

1907 

Molina  Solis,  Juan  Francisco.  El 
primer  obispado  de  la  nacion  Meji- 
cana.  Articulos  publicados  sobre 
esta  materia  y  sobre  otros  puntos  dc 
nuestra  historia.  Articulos  sobre  la 
historia  antigua  de  Yucatan.  I,  La 
Ruina  de  Uxmal,  pp.  79-84.  11. 
Ruina  de  Uxmal  (continuacion). 
pp.  85-91.      Merida  de  Yucatan. 

Historical   study   of    the   rise   and    fall   of 
Uxmal. 

1908 

Zayas  Enriquez,  Rafael.     El  estado  de 

Yucatan   su    pasado   su    presente   su 

porvenir.     New  York. 

Photographs  of  Uxmal,  p.  219;    El  Templo 
del  Adivino,   p.   222;    Casa  de   las   Monjas, 


119 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


120 


UXMAL 


p.  229;    Palacio  del  Gobernador,  p.  231; 
Caracol,  p.  243;  Casa  de  las  Monjas. 


El 


1909 

Saville,  Marshall  H.      The  cruciform 

structures    of    Mitla    and    vicinity. 

Putnam    Anniversary    Volume,    New 

York. 

Comparison  of  Uxmal  and  Mitla  "mosaic" 
stone  walls,  p.  188,  pi.  xiii. 

MoRLEY,  Sylvanus  Griswold.  A  group 
of  related  structures  at  Uxmal, 
Mexico.  American  Journal  of  Ar- 
chaology,  Second  ser.,  vol.  xiv  (1910), 
pp.  1-18,  2  pi.,  2  fig. 

Arnold,  Channing,  and  Frost,  Fred- 
eric J.  Tabor.  The  American 
Egypt.  A  record  of  travel  in  Yuca- 
tan.     New  York. 

Uxmal  is  described  briefly  on  pp.  200-203. 
The  authors  justly  state  that  "undoubtedly 
there  is  a  large  field  for  work  here,  which 
will  amply  reward  archaeologists  in  those 
days  when  the  '  dog  in  the  manger '  policy 
of  the  Mexican  'Jacks  in  ofifice'  is  a  thing  of 
the  past,  and  intelligent  landowners,  such 
as  Seiior  Peon,  can  assist  students  in  every 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


121 


way  instead  of  having  their  hands  fettered 
by  absurd  Federal  rules." 

191O 
RiCKARDS,    CONSTANTINE  GeORGE.        The 

ruins  of  Mexico.     London. 

Vol.  I,  pp.  21-23,  39  mounted  photographs 
of  Uxmal.  This  is  the  most  extensive  col- 
lection of  photographs  of  the  ruins  of  Uxmal 
that  have  been  published. 

1910  (?) 
Young,  W.  P.,  compiler.      In  Mayaland 
Yucatan.       [n.p.,    n.d.]       [A    folder] 
"Issued    by   a   representative    group 
of     Yucatecan     planters     and     mer- 
chants," the  Yucatan  Tours  Bureau. 
It  is  copiously  illustrated,  and  contains  18 
beautiful  illustrations  of  Uxmal,  9  of  which 
were  made  by  Teobert  Maler.      The  copy  in 
the  collection  of  the  compiler  has  been  anno- 
tated by  Maler. 

1911 

Case,  Henry  A.  Views  on  and  of 
Yucatan,  besides  notes  upon  parts 
of  Campeche  and  the  territory  of 
Quintana  Roo.       Collected  during  a 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


122 


UXMAL 


long     residence     in     the     peninsula. 
Merida. 

The  description  of  Uxmal  (pp.  123-154, 
9  pi.,  2  maps)  is:  (i)  How  to  get  there;  (2) 
Criticism  of  Le  Plongeon;  (3)  Description 
of  buildings;    (4)  Legends. 

MoRLEY,  Sylvanus  Griswold.  An- 
cient temples  and  cities  of  the  New 
World.  Uxmal,  the  city  of  the 
Xius.  Bulletin  of  the  Pan  American 
Union,  Washington,  vol.  32,  April, 
pp.  627-642,  II  ill. 

1912 

Maler,  Teobert.  Lista  de  las  ilus- 
traciones  para  una  proyectada  pub- 
licacion  de  Teobert  Maler,  en  el 
libro  de  recuerdos  del  Congreso  de 
Americanistas. 

A  series  of  photographs  made  by  Maler, 
published  in  Resena  de  la  segunda  sesion  del 
XVII  Congreso  Inlernacional  de  American- 
istas efectuada  en  la  Ciudad  de  Mexico  durante 
el  mes  de  Septiembre  de  igio,  Mexico,  1912. 
The  second  series  of  plates,  nos.  1-8,  are  of 
Uxmal,   of  a   building,   and   sculptures  near 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


123 


tombs  in  the  vicinity  of  the  said   building, 
never  before  published. 

Huntington,  Ellsworth.  The  penin- 
sula of  Yucatan.  Bulletin  of  the 
American  Geographical  Society,  New 
York,  vol.  XLiv,  no.  ii. 

On  p.  819  is  a  view  of  the  central  design  of 
the  facade  of  the  House  of  the  Governor, 
wrongly  captioned  as  "of  a  ruin  at  Kabah." 

1913 

Seler,  Eduard.  Ueber  einige  Altera 
Systeme  in  den  Ruinen  von  Uxmal. 
Proceedings  of  the  Eighteenth  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Americanists, 
IQ12,  London,  pp.  220-235,  3  pi., 
14  fig. 

Spinden,  Herbert  Joseph.  A  study 
of  Maya  art,  its  subject  matter  and 
historical  development.  Memoirs  of 
the  Peabody  Museum  of  American 
Archaology  and  Ethnology,  Cam- 
bridge, vol.  VI. 

Contains  numerous  references  to   Uxmal. 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


124 


UXMAL 


On  pp.  5-8  is  a  translation  of  the  description 
of  Uxmal  made  in  1586  by  Fatlier  Ponce 
(see  pp.  70—78  herein). 

1914 

Huntington,  Ellsworth.  The  mys- 
tery of  the  Yucatan  ruins.  Harper' s 
Magazine,  New  York,  April. 

On  p.  762  is  a  picture  of  one  of  the  exterior 
arched  rooms  of  the  House  of  the  Governor. 

1915 

Hewett,  Edgar  Lee.  Ancient  America 
at  the  Panama-California  Exposi- 
tion. Art  and  Archeology,  Washing- 
ton, vol.  II,  no.  3,  pp.  64-102. 

On  p.  92  reference  is  made  to  Uxmal,  and 
on  p.  93  is  a  reproduction  of  Vierra's  pan- 
oramic painting  of  the  site.  On  p.  loi  is  a 
photograph  of  Holmes'  model  of  the  House 
of  the  Governor,  which  is  described  on  pp. 

lOO-IOI. 

Seler,  Eduard.  Die  Ruinen  von  Ux- 
mal. Zeitschrift  fiir  Ethnologie,  Ber- 
lin, Bd.  XLvii,  pp.  429-432. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


125 


1916 

Hewett,  Edgar  Lee.  America's  archae- 
ological heritage.  Art  and  Archce- 
ology,  Washington,  vol.  iv,  no.  6. 
December. 

On  pp.  263  and  265  are  photographs  of 
three  Uxmal  buildings. 

1917 

Seler,  Eduard.  Die  Ruinen  von  Ux- 
mal. Abhandlungen  der  kdniglichen 
preuss.  Akademie  der  Wissenschaft- 
en,  Phil.-Hist.  Klasie,  no.  3,  Berlin, 

154  PP- 

Morley,  Sylvanus  Griswold.  The 
rise  and  fall  of  the  Maya  civilization 
in  the  light  of  the  monuments  and 
the  native  chronicles.  Proceedings 
of  the  Nineteenth  International  Con- 
gress of  Americanists,  iQi^y  Wash- 
ington, pp.  140-149,  II  pi. 

PI.  V,  c,  gives  a  painting  of  the  Uxmal  site 
made  by  Carlos  Vierra.  Some  historical 
information  concerning  the  ruins  is  given. 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


126 


UXMAL 


1918 

Gann,  Dr  Thomas.  The  Maya  Indians 
of  southern  Yueatan  and  northern 
British  Hondura ..  Bulletin  64. 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
Washington. 

On  pp.  140-142  Dr  Gann  describes  two 
human  heads  of  stucco  from  Uxmal,  the 
faces  painted  in  several  colors.  These  are 
now  in  the  Museum  of  the  American  Indian, 
Heye  Foundation. 

As  Dr  Gann  did  not  illustrate  these  very 
important  specimens  of  stucco-work,  we 
give  them  in  pis.  v-vi.  They  are  beauti- 
fully modeled  and  may  be  taken  as  portraits 
of  individuals  of  high  rank.  The  heads  are 
life-size,  the  one  shown  in  pi.  v  being  11  in. 
high,  the  face  having  a  height  of  8f  in.  This 
head  is  represented  placed  in  a  beak,  only 
the  lower  part  being  left  in  our  specimen. 
It  is  painted  black,  with  brown  patches 
placed  on  each  side  of  the  mouth.  The  lips 
are  red,  and  the  eyes  are  white  with  black 
pupils,  and  a  line  of  brown  encircles  the 
entire  eye  on  the  lids.  There  is  a  twisted 
fillet  on  the  top  of  the  head,  which  comes 
down  on  each  side  of  the  face  in  front  of  and 
below  the  ears.  The  lower  part  has  been 
broken  off.     There  is  a  labret  in  the  upper 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


SAVILLE UXMAL   BIBLIOGRAPHY 


PAINTED   STUCCO   HEAD   FROM   A   RECENTLY   DISCOVERED    CHAMBER 
IN    THE    HOUSE   OF  THE    GOVERNOR,   UXMAL 


SAVILLE UXMAL  BiBLIOGRAPHY 


PAINTED   STUCCO   HEAD    FROM   A    RECENTLY   DISCOVERED    CHAMBER 
IN   THE    HOUSE   OF  THE   GOVERNOR,   UXMAL 


3AVILLE UXMAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


PAINTED   STUCCO   HEAD   FROM   A    RECENTLY   DISCOVERED    CHAMBER 
IN    THE    HOUSE   OF  THE    GOVERNOR,    UXMAL 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


127 


lip,  and  a  curious  ornament  on  the  nose. 
Broad,  white  bands  are  painted  around  the 
eyes.  The  large,  circular  ear-ornaments  are 
painted  red.  On  the  forehead  are  four 
protruding  pellets  placed  one  above  the 
other,  a  familiar  feature  on  many  heads  of 
stone  and  clay  found  in  the  Mayan  area. 
The  small,  grotesque  head  shown  in  pi.  vii 
is  painted  black,  with  three  red  discs  for 
eyes  and  mouth.  Is  it  reported  that  this 
piece  formed  a  kind  of  helmet  for  the  portrait 
head  just  described.      It  is  6  in.  high. 

The  other  portrait  head,  illustrated  in  pi. 
VI,  is  9  in.  high,  the  face  being  the  same  size 
as  that  of  the  other.  It  is  painted  in  the 
same  colors,  the  only  difference  in  treatment 
being  in  the  lip-ornament,  which  consists  of 
two  pellets  instead  of  one.  This  head  has 
also  the  twisted  fillet,  but  there  is  no  evidence 
of  ears  in  the  specimens  as  broken  from  the 
main  figure.  Both  heads  are  said  to  have 
been  found  in  a  sealed  chamber,  broken  into 
in  the  House  of  the  Governor,  in  the  section 
of  the  arched  connection  of  the  northern 
recess  in  thfe  outer  wall  on  the  western  side. 
These  two  heads  are  the  finest  examples  of 
stucco-work  as  yet  found  in  Yucatan,  where 
this  material  was  sparingly  used.  They  may 
be  compared  with  the  beautiful  stucco-work 
at  Palenque. 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


128 


U  X  M  A  L 


1919 

MoRLEY,  Sylvanus  Griswold.  Arche- 
ology. Extracted  from  Year  Book 
No.  77  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of 
Washington  (for  191 8),  pp.  269-276. 

Gives  an  interpretation  of  several  inscrip- 
tions at  Uxmal,  corresponding  with  the  years 
1219  and  1277  A.D.,  the  results  of  an  expedi- 
tion to  Yucatan,  February  to  April,  1918. 

Mena,  Ramon.  Cipactonal  (de  la 
"Casa  del  Adivino"  en  Uxmal 
Yucatan).  Memorias  y  Revista  de 
la  Sociedad  Cientifica  Antonio  Alzate, 
Mexico,  tomo  38,  nums.  5-8,  pp. 
271-275.  pl-  xxviii,  fig.  on  p.  372. 

1920 

MoRLEY,  Sylvanus  Griswold.  The 
inscriptions  at  Copan.'  Publications 
of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washing- 
ton, Appendix  11. 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


129 


AUTHORS 

Arnold,  Channing,  1909 

Baker,  Frank  Collins,  1895 

Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe,  1881 

Banks,  David  Saltonstall,  1889 

Books  of  Chilam  Balam,  1595 

Bote,  Juan,  1581 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Abbe,  1858,  1867 

Brine,  Lindsay,  1894 

Buchon,  J.  A.,  1825 

Cabrera,  Dr  Paul  Felix,  1822 

Case,  Henry  A.,  191 1 

Catherwood,  Frederick,  1844,  1854 

Charnay,  Desire,  i860,  1863,  1884,  1885, 

1887 
Chavero,  Alfredo,  1887 
Chilam  Balam,  Books  of,  1595 
Ciudad  Real,  Fr  xAntonio,  1588 
Claims  to  Land,  1687-1688 
Cogolludo,  Fr  Diego  Lopez  de,  1688 
Docuinents,  1556,  1557 
Foulke,  William  Dudley,  1896 
Friedrichstal,  Emmanuel  de,  1841 
Frost,  Frederic  J.  Tabor,  1909 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


130 


UXMAL 


Gann,  Thomas,  1918 

Gordon,  George  Byron,  1905 

Haebler,  Karl,  1895 

Heller,  Carl,  1853 

Hewett,  Edgar  L.,  1915,  1916 

Holmes,  William  H.,  1895 

Huntington,  Ellsworth,  1912,  1914 

Le  Plongeon,  Alice  D.,  1885 

L.  G.,  1845 

Maler,  Teobert,  1912 

Mani,  Indian  map  of,  1557  (?) 

Mena,  Ramon,  1919 

Mercer,  Henry  C.,  1896,  1897 

M.  F.  P.,  1845 

Molina  Solis,  Juan  Francisco,  1907 

Morgan,  Lewis  Henry,  1880,  1881 

Morley,  Sylvanus  Griswold,   1909,   191 1, 

1917,  1919,  1920 
Miihlenpfordt,  Eduard,  1844 
Norman,  B.  M.,  1843 
Ober,  Frederick  A.,  1884,  1888 
Paso  y  Troncoso,  Francisco  del,  1893 
Ramirez,  Jose  Fernando,  1865 
Rice,  Allen  Thorndike,  1880 
Rickards,  Constantine  George,  1910 
Salisbury,  Stephen,  1877 


IX 


INDIAN    NOTES 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

131 

Sanchez  de  Aguilar,  Pedro,  1639 

Saville,  Marshall  H.,  1892,  1909 

Seler,  Eduard,    1903,    1906,    1913,    1915, 

1917 

Spinden,  Herbert  Joseph,  191 3 

Stephens,  John  L.,   1841,   1843,   1848-50, 

1853.   1854 

Title  Deeds,  1673 

Un  Curioso,  1845 

Varigny,  C.  V.  C.  de,  1879,  1891 

Viollet-lc-Duc,  M.,  1866 

Waldeck,  Frederick,  1838 

Warden,  David  B.,  1825 

Young,  W.  P.,  1910  (?) 

Zavala,  Lorenzo  de,  1834 

Zayas  Enriquez,  Rafael,  1908 

AND    MONOGRAPHS 

2 

